'Gender Essay\r'

'The taradiddle of sex activity and American policy is one crafted and based on historical flatts and metamorphoses in the manpower’s and societies’ judgement of women, especi solelyy as regards their roles in influencing policy change’s and implementation. fit to scholars women roles for the past tense two centuries befool improved remarkably if genuine events argon to go by. App bently, the study of sexual practice as regards American unknown policy is a completely new reflexion which has metamorphosed everywhere the ages to became a crucial and significant blast of analyzing America’s foreign policies as regards, portion to struggle, politics, economics and culture.\r\nIn essence sexual urge studies reason the expectations, that the edict holds to the contrasted genders and the roles separately conference revive. dating back to the biblical times, the issue of gender and more than so gender imbalance having been predominant in our society is, one coined on the society’s understanding and expectation of the macrocosmlike and female members of the society. It’s upon this that women over the ages let found themselves, marooned and dominate by men in major policies that leave affected the society especially as regards contend fill out, circumspection and personnel play.\r\nFrom antediluvian Greek, Ro universe, Babylonian empires, women agree much organism regarded as a weak gender compargond to men, this has quite often light-emitting diode to maltreatment and abuse of women by the dominant male specie Braudy situates â€Å"certainly the usance of allying weakness with women and strength with men is a bulky one” (328). Its upon this conceptual thought that women get hold of been destined, to play if any(prenominal), a minimal role in matters of war furthestefare.\r\n except it’s the separatement of scholars and historians that though regarded as a marginalized group and little(prenominal) often actively tortuous in war, women â€Å"occupy a privileged go into as an alternative source of national clean-living strength” (Braudy 328). In essence a upright woman was always envisioned as pliant, meek and subordinate. gum olibanum the concept of gender imbalance has been with us for vast, this was especially gifted by the remarks and views held by male and society as regards women.\r\nFor instance nighwhat scholars portrayed them as a â€Å"savagery within refinement” and as Braudy, states a â€Å"source of both trance and disgust” (328). This is vehemently expressed by the nineteenth coulomb view of women menstruation as a wound. However scholars do agree that progress has been witnessed over the ages as regards women role in society as research show that women sop up tremendously open themselves as a dominant force in society though, they alleviate lack behind in a world where war, politics, economics, d iplomacy issues are dominate by male.\r\nIt’s therefrom upon this views that women remain less actively involved in war. harmonize to scholars women shake up partly participated in wars and hence as history shows wars have been attri exactlyed to men. So is war a man’s combat. War and especially personnel was, and still continues, to be a man’s affair in that men have always been attributed to bigotry and aggressive behavior, which is replicated in the art of war.\r\nBarash, states â€Å"if we could eliminate or even significantly reduce male violence we would pretty much get rid of violence” (1). For ages the art of war has been and still is dominated by men. For instance looking back at past war events ,its difficult to find any war which might have been instigated by a woman, on the contrary men have been liable for all major wars and even violence related incidents in the society including genocide and homicide.\r\nExperts so postulate that, w ar is a man’s affair in which men seek to dominate new(prenominal)s, by the crudest of ways. It’s a concept that has been among the male species. The ancient warriors therefore were taught to be strong and vicious, going contrally to that was risking ones sexuality in the sense that one would be braded as an â€Å"sissy” a term often employ to impact to men who were weak and coward. thusly it’s an hold fact that a true warrior or man was identified on his possession of power attributed to ones manhood.\r\n therefore in roll to show the effect of gender as regards war the male dominated societies utilise the most atrocious and ridiculous way such(prenominal) as castrating, homosexuality, masturbation and circumcision to humiliate individuals , thought to be weak, a trait that was attributed and reminisce of the women. This was done to portray other men as having qualities akin to women as demonstrated by the act of penetration. For instance during the ancient times homosexuality was used to render penalisation on the male enemies.\r\nSodomizing war captives was cogently used by Babylonians. Also studies indicate that war captives were treated on the basis of their gender in that women were raped, children enslaved while the males were by and by kil direct and humiliated, in one incidence they were forced to loll around while get the erect before creation sodomized. This according to Trexler proofed to â€Å"show linkage in the midst of gender and humiliation in war fare” (20). By castrating the others scholars do ascertain that it was to be â€Å"a basic element in man’s fighting instincts. ”(Trexler 19).\r\nTo crowns it all, this acts were often instigated against other men in order to prove ones superiority over the others. Castrating and chemise the enemies manhood became a way of showing how the enemy had been subdued. This is pictured by the ancient Judaic society where warriors would cut the ir enemies private parts and foreskins to present to kings as a show of victory in war. In mod society violence and war is irresistibly dominated by male, for instance according to a researcher conducted in America, over 90% of homicide cases in America have been perpetrated by men.\r\nMoreover a great number of men are enlisted in the national army. What removes it more interesting is how terrorist groups are predominantly male established . In essence any where there is violence and war man is. It has thus been concluded that war is the art of man, as envisioned by the studies of ancient history of warfare and current affairs. Barash cogently states that â€Å"what can be callight-emitting diode killing establishment, soldiers, executioners, hunters, even slaughters is overwhelmingly male”(1). he concept of war and gender can thus be summarized as follows; war is a mans affair, violence and war is something that men grade at each other, men are the instigators and af ter victims of their acts of violence, women are the victims of men’s warfare but non partakers or instigators and finally when people are hited and slaughtered as in case of genocides and war, men are always the culprits. Religion and war According to Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary worship refers to a personal even up or institutionalized set of ghostlike doctrines, attitudes and practices.\r\nIn that point, the debate over whether godliness is responsible for the many another(prenominal) wars witnessed in the history of serviceman has continued to folly with both critics and proponents ascertaining their views and later on providing proofs to shrive and au thenticate their claims. ahead understanding this issues it’s important thus to outline war. According to Merriam â€Webster online dictionary war is thus a state characterized by hostility, contest, or antagonism gum olibanum the concept of intermarriage in the midst of faith and war and esp ecially its piece to war, its one which has found privilege in the ideologies of atheist and scientist as such.\r\nSo does religion cause wars? Religion has been the greatest threat to mankind and thus it’s been the cause of many blinking(a) confrontations. Charles Kimball, states â€Å"It is somewhat trite, but nevertheless sadly true, to understand that more wars have been waged, more people killed, and these days more evil perpetrated in the name of religion than by any other institutional force in human history. ”(1) This has often led to some critics of religion pointing that, if man is to live pacificly then religion should be scraped or rather the belief in immortal should be descanted.\r\nTimothy Fitzgerald quips that; â€Å"religion should be regarded as a form of bafflement and scrapped” (26). The contemporary attitude on sacred character to war arises due to a number of factors or rather reason that is unearthly troths, religious wars, r eligious ideologies based on teachings of some religions and modern unsoundedism attributed to disparate religious groups. It’s the statement of scholars that the history of religions contribution to war in modern world and as regards organized religions is to be traced to the Roman Catholic which was responsible for some of the greatest conflicts in history of mankind.\r\nDuring the Cimmerian reign of the Catholic Church in europium many people were slaughtered and mercilessly killed due to their beliefs. According to Hitcher, the church has a history responsibility for the crusades, persecution of Catholics, Jews and deserters (17). and so the Roman Catholic Church which represents Christianity is accountable for arduous atrocities that culminated in the strike, persecution of millions of people based on its principle of heresy.\r\nIt’s been the overwhelming statement and consensus of scholars that the blood carry witnessed during the dark reign of the churc h by far surpassed the jihads. Also the pope at the time is believed to have contributed tremendously in influencing major wars at the time. On another point, historians ascertain that, the competition for support and the fundamental believe that one religion is superior than the other has fueled animosity between religious groups, often leading to flaming(a) confrontations that have often led to war.\r\nMoore in describing about this competition states â€Å"it had to be furious in the general sense that any group identity is liable to be formed in hostile competition” (29). Its was this religious dreams of superiority that led to the Islamic conquest and expansion during the 18th century ,at that time, its estimated that millions of people were killed and others taken as slaves. This competition among religious groups has often led to war between the different opposing religions.\r\nFor instance according to Price most of the greatest conflicts such as the Northern Irela nd, Bosnia, Iraq and even 9/11 beleaguer are as a result of religious differences. These facts are understandably demonstrated in the crusades that were responsible for fighting the distribute of Islam in Europe . during this time the pope coined what was termed as â€Å"just war”. Thus it was believed that some wars were excusable especially if it entailed safeguarding the very cores of the religion.\r\nOn their part the Islamic desire for expansion was characterized by forced novelty through war commonly referred to as Jihad. What has bring forth to be the greatest threat to mankind in this century it’s likewise attributed to religious fundamentalism . chase the aftermath of the 9/11, the world witnessed the rise of act of terrorism ,a new tool used by Muslim fanatics and which is based on Islamic fundamentalism though the 9/11 event has been regarded by some as not influenced by Islamic fundermentalism,the facts point to the contrary .\r\nFor instance the k nown mastermind of the attack and the drawing card of Alquieda, Osama Bin Laden ,in his speech duty for the murder of citizens in western countries attributed his action to Islam and more so the holy book Koran. These proofs to show that despite the denials by some Islamic leaders, the calls of Osama seek to justify the views held by majority of the Islamic community. The Muslim have too used the word â€Å"Crusade” to describe the policy of western countries especially America to occupy Islamic states.\r\nThis is a symbolic meaning to the crusades, organized to incompatible Islamic conquest during the 18th century. It’s thus the belief of scholars, that the Islamic fundamentalism is based on religious beliefs of Islamic faith though some Islamic scholars do oppose these beliefs. Scholars have thus argued that the terrorist attack on America that killed innocent civilians could not have happened if not for religious believes. The Palestinian and Jewish conflict has been continuing for want, this conflict has often led to bloody confrontation between the two groups.\r\nAccording to scholars this conflicts is the straits child of religious fundamentalism based on Islam and Judaism. Thus critics do argue that the history of enmity between this two religious groups, bases its root on gravid core ideologies attributed to the groups religious affiliations, thus as long as the groups seek to identify themselves on religious background, it will be hard to tackle has been their for long hence as long as each group seeks to identify the other in name of religious background, it will be hard to tackle.\r\nThis conflict has led to the extend of isolating the Jewish state of Israel from the rest of Middle East countries with calls by some Muslim fanatics and religious leaders for the murder of Jewish citizens. It’s thus the statement of historians that the Yom Kippur war between Israel and other Arab countries was as result of religious differen ces.\r\nThus critic’s quip that religion has led to nations forming alliances on bases of religious believes, thus leading to conflicts which have led to emergence of hardcore ideologies and conflicts across the world. It has also been said that, religion has been instrumental in influencing wars in Europe. for instance the French religious wars are attributed to religion , Holt, says â€Å"the French civil wars which began with the massacre at vassy in 1562 and concluded with peace of the alass 1629 was a conflict of religion”(56)\r\nDifferent religions also have been known to advocate war of such is the Buddhism religion in which the tales of Bhagavad-Gita are based on war and made to justify war as an act of self protection, in its case Judaism and especially the old testament depicted war as necessary in order to defend the convictions of their teaching, in the bible the Israelites who believe that they are Gods children and the chosen ones called on God to fight for their consort According to some studies conducted it has further been established that some individuals use religion in order to raise their political ambitions ,for instance , having used Jews and Judaism as a ladder to ascend to political power Hitler gained the carry he so much needed to murder 6 million Jews, in our modern society prominent personalities and politician have been known to make grievous remarks based on religious conviction, the calling by Iranian president for complete annihilation of the state of Israel and calling of Muslims to unite against Judaism that stands for the Jewish state of Israel is a sure way of describing how religion has been used to sphere head murder of innocent civilians.\r\nA true religious individual thus does not advocate for violence. Thus according to proponents of religion it has subsequently been ascertained that the absence of religion in the modern nations especially communist did not deter their leaders such as Stalin from le ading any less violently. Despite the growing claims that religion causes war, proponents and researchers have criticized, this claims by ascertaining that religion and especially organized religions are peaceful the teachings of most religion call for peaceful initiation of individuals, this is depicted by the teachings of individuals who have been ardent followers of their respective religions.\r\nAccording to martin Luther king Jr, the knowledge of God brings inner peace, in his teaching also he advocated for tolerance and use of non violence. Also Gandhi one of the staunchest takeoff rocket and believer of Buddhism advocated for the use of non violence (ahisma) in his philosophies which have become instrumental in influencing the thoughts and ideas of modern leaders.\r\n'