Kingdom Fungi

Chapter 21 Notes Kingdom kingdom Fungi Name_________________________ 21-1 The Kingdom Fungi A. What Are Fungi? Fungi include MANY dissimilar types of organisms From tiny yeast kiosks To the one of the largest organisms in the world Fungi ar Multicellular (except for yeasts) Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Decomposers decompose dead and decaying material -Recyclers -Secrete enzymes OUTSIDE bodies affiance digested nutrients Hyphae long, slender, root- interchangeable filament Septa cross-walls across hyphae (not in all hyphae) Mycelium mat of interwoven hyphae o Large surface area = max food absorptionFruiting body reproductive structures, like picks o Many can develop from same mycelium o fairy rings Entire mycelium is haploid o (1 set of chromosomes) B. Structure & Function of Fungi Fungi cells have cell walls -Contain carbohydrate chitin also found in exoskeletons Unlike plants -Fungi DONT have chlorophyll -Fungi have chitin in cell walls (plants have cellulose) C. Reproduction in Fungi Most fungi re vex BOTH a knowledgeablely and sexually Asexual Reproduction Sporangia at the tip of sporangiophores produce haploid spores Fragmentation (breaking off) of hyphae can also produce new mycelia Sexual reproductionFungi form hyphae of opposite Sex o Called + & - The + & hyphae fuse and form gametangia o Makes gametes o Form a diploid zygote o Zygote undergoes meiosis haploid once again D. How Fungi Spread Fungal spores travel real easily in the air All they need is a good landing place with moisture & food Some fungi have special(prenominal) adaptations for spreading spores 21-2 Classification of Fungi A. 4 Phyla of Fungi Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota Named for their reproductive structures B. Phylum Zygomycota Common molds o On bread, cheese, etcetera Black bread mold Rhizopus stoloniferReproduce asexually (spores) & sexually (zygospores) C. Phylum Ascomycota Sac Fungi o Conidia form spores asexually o The ascus contains diploid spores in se xual reproduction Examples yeast, cup fungi D. Phylum Basidiomycota Club Fungi 16,000 species mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, morels Club-shaped reproductive structure Spores form in basidia o On the gills underneath mushroom cap Many wild mushrooms are poisonous E. Phylum Deuteromycota Imperfect Fungi Fungi with NO KNOWN sexual stage Reproduction just now asexually Ex Penicillium also pathogens like ringworm, athletes foot 1-3 Ecology of Fungi A. Fungi as Heterotrophs Most fungi are decomposers or saprobes Others are parasites (live on/in a living host) And others are symbionts live in symbiosis with other organisms Pleurotus ostreatus is actually a carnivore captures & take in roundworms ALL fungi, though, are heterotrophs B. Fungi as Decomposers External digestion Fungi decompose matter by secreting enzymes o break it down into simple organic molecules Fungus thus absorb those molecules C. Fungi as Parasites Plants and animals (humans) are subject to fungal diseases Plant s o Corn smut o Mildew o Wheat rustHumans & animals o jocks foot o Yeast infections (Candida albicans) o Ring worm o Cordyceps (kills grasshoppers) D. Symbiosis Symbiosis is a mutualistic relationship in which BOTH partners benefit Lichens = algae (or cyanobacteria) + fungus o On rocks, dry environments Mycorrhizae = plant roots + fungus o -80% of plants might have these o Fungi help the plants get water & minerals o Plants provide fungi w/ energy E. Fungi & Food Many foods are made using fungi Yeast (Saccharomyces) is used to make bread, beer, booze Cheeses (Brie, Blue, Roquefort) are made using mold (Penicillium)