Dumping of oil, liquid wastes

Of course get rid of the waste is easy but thither are some(prenominal) environmental and benignant health concerns that are raised as a result of it. Incineration of waste material exhibits different types of toxic product line pollutants such(prenominal) as, cadmium, sulfur dioxide, lead, nitrogen oxide, and mercury that are very harmful and defile the air (oppapers. com, 2010). Acid rains and smog are the by-products of incineration that dont exactly pollute the atmosphere but also the lands that are used for pastoral purposes.Its of no wonder that if the wastes either solid or mobile are dumped improperly to any place results in the growth of mosquitoes that choose dengue fever virus, which has a domino effect of malaria and headache. Dengue fever has around 23 strains that worsen the health of the victim for several weeks or even months. On the other hand, sewage contamination worsens the water gauge of the rivers or other reservoirs from where the water is supplied to the citizens.Over drinking such water, people became the victims of unravel and other stomach problems more(prenominal)over, these dioceanses further deteriorate the skin of a mortal and causes skin cancer. Droughts or famines come when the landfills and acid rains make the soil unproductive and incapable for the use of agricultural purposes. Not only this, along with human beings, the marine life and other animal species are vulnerable to our unheeding waste disposal. Dumping of oil, liquid wastes, and throwing off of several other materials and wastes into the rivers and sea causes the marine life to extinct.As in the reference of Chevron, previously known as Texaco, where the company dumped off huge amounts of solid and liquid wastes into the Amazon River which posterior resulted in the proliferation of several diseases for human beings along with other marine species. spacious number of people and animals died as a result of it. Answer 2 Children are more vulnerabl e to air pollutants due to several reasons. First, there organic and immune system is rather sensitive and vulnerable as compared to that of others therefore, children have greater tendency of catching the diseases.Secondly, children often spend more time outside there home for instance, six to seven hours in school and 2 to three hours playing outside with friends. Hence the opportunity of indulging and interacting with contaminant increases, so is with the diseases. Answer 3 As a Health Educator in this multi-disciplinary team, I would embolden the nurse to intermit and implement a program for the reduction of exposure of air pollution to the community in the following way. I would provide her with the necessary preventative equipments such as, masks sun-screen lotions that must be there for the children if air pollution is quite dense.Secondly, I would recommend her not to let the children go out to play or do any other activity in case of bad weather or polluted air condi tions. Third, I would assist her in planting as much plants and trees as possible so that they take away carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release fresh oxygen. Fourth, hinder people to use the gas that burns more and emits toxic and murky black smoke that further worsens the environment. Fifth, minimizing smoking at home or workplace that can otherwise harm children and finally, making use of air filters to get fresh air and not the polluted one.

Doing Business in the U.K. Essay

personal credit line Etiquette UKThe United Kingdom (UK) is comprised of quadruplet countries England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It is of import non only to be aw ar of these geographic distinctions but also the strong sense of identity and nationalism felt up by the populations of these four countries. The terms English and British are non interchangeable. British denotes some iodin who is from England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. English refers to mountain from England. mess from Scotland are referred to as Scots. People from England are not in all probability to take offence at being called English, whereas a Welsh, Scots, or Northern Irish person will.Cultural DiversityFormerly a very homogenous society, since World War II, Britain has become increasingly several(a) as it has accommodated large immigrant populations. The mixture of ethnic groups and cultures make it difficult to particularize British as looking or acting in one particular manner. People whitethorn sound British and retain the heathenish heritage of their forefathers while others may become more British than somebody who can trace his/her lineage to the 5th century. The fact that the nations favourite dish is now a curry sums up the cultural mish-mash that is modern day Britain.Doing business in the UKThe British are preferably formal. some from the older generation still prefer to work with spate and companies they sleep with or who are known to their associates. Younger businesspeople do not need long-standing personal kinships before they do business with people and do not require an intermediary to make business introductions. Nonetheless, networking and relationship building are often key to long-term business success. gross is respected and businesspeople prefer to deal with people at their level. If at all possible, entangle an elder statesman on your team as he/she will present the aura of authority that is necessary to heartfelt business rel ationships in mevery companies.British communication stylesThe British pitch an interesting mix of communication styles encompassing both netherstatement and direct communication. Many older businesspeople or those from the upper class rely heavily upon formal use of established protocol. Most British are get the hang of understatement and do not use effusive language. If anything, they have a attach tendency to qualify their statements with such as perhaps or it could be. When communicating with people they see as equal to themselves in clique or class, the British are direct, but modest. If communicating with someone they know well, their style may be more informal, although they will still be reserved.Business coming togethersPunctuality is a very British trait. It is especially important in business situations. In most cases, the people you are meeting will be on time. Always call if you will be even 5 minutes later than agreed. If you are kept hold a few minutes, do not make an issue of it.How meetings are conducted is often determined by the composition of people attending. If everyone is at the said(prenominal) level, there is generally a free flow of ideas and opinions. If there is a senior ranking person in the room, that person will do most of the speaking. In general, meetings will be rather formal and perpetually have a clearly defined purpose, which may include an agenda. in that location will be a brief amount of small babble before getting down to the business at hand. If you make a presentation, avoid making exaggerated claims. Make certain your presentation and any materials provided appear professional and well thought out. Be prepared to venture up your claims with facts and figures. The British rely on facts, rather than emotions, to make decisions. note eye fulfill and a few feet of personal space. After a meeting, send a letter summarising what was decided and the next steps to be taken.Basic British Etiquette TipsBusiness D ress* Business attire is conservative.* work force should wear a dark coloured, conservative business suit.* Women should wear either a business suit or a conservative dress.Greetings* shiver hands with everyone at a meeting upon arrival.* Maintain eye contact during the greeting.Titles* Only medical doctors and the clergy use their professional or academic titles in business. * Most people use the courtesy titles or Mr, Mrs or send packing and their surname. (Mr and Mrs are words in the United Kingdom and do not require a period after them as they are not abbreviations.) * If someone has been knighted, they are called Sir followed by their first and surnames or Sir followed simply by their first name. * Wait until invited before moving to a first-name basis. People under the age of 35 may make this move more quickly than older British.Business Cards* Business cards are change at the initial introduction without formal ritual.* The business card may be put away with only a curs ory glance.Business Gifts* Business gift giving is not part of the business culture. * If you convey to give a gift, make certain it is small and tasteful. * Good gifts include desk accessories, a paperweight with your company logo, or a book about your position country. * Inviting someone out for a meal can be viewed as a gift.http//www.kwintessential.co.uk/etiquette/doing-business-uk.html http//books.google.com.my/books?id=1ccPcVjaRGMC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=how+to+bargain+with+britain&source=bl&ots=FB64L7Wk6F&sig=6QVjUrzk4AcQ2OuUezZuyL64Mlw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2kALUeu0BcKPrgfjooH4Cw&ved=0CHAQ6AEwCAv=onepage&q=british&f=false

Impact of nitrogen and phosphorous inputs on water quality Essay

Both northward and Phosphorous argon necessary in kitchen-gardening for a farmer to achieve optimum yields in just about crops, they contribute to use fertiliser which often contains either newton or phosphoric. Despite their importance, these elements in b be can affect the environment adversely. Eutrophication is enhanced when nitrogen and phosphorous ar in overplus in issue wets and where nitrogen is in excess in ground piss. (www. soil. ncsu. edu/) Nitrogen makes up about 78 percent of the gases in the atmosphere. A major constituent of proteins it is abundant in most living things.Nitrogen gas (N2), nitrate (NO3), nitrite (NO2) and ammonia NH3 argon the common forms in which in organic nitrogen exists. Organic nitrogen exists in proteins. (http//ky piddle. org/). Compounds that contain nitrogen ar set in motion in weewee bodies such as reservoirs, streams and rivers. There are various routes by which nitrogen enters urine bodies. These include waste piss (mun icipal and industrial), animal wastes such as shucks wastes and wastes of angle, septic tanks and overspill from fields and lawns that start been fertilized.In certain move of the United States, curiously the northeast, some forms of nitrogen are deposited through battery-acid rain (Baird, 1990). Nitrites are accordingly born-again to nitrates by bacteria, a butt on that uses up oxygen. (http//ky body of water. org). Surface and subsurface drainage are some of the ways through which nitrogen from fertilizers enter streams. When there is heavy rainfall sideline surface application of nitrogen fertilizers, most of the nitrogen is lost and compensate more is lost if the area is sloppy. When the fertilizer is mixed with soil the runoff is decreased.However, the loss of nitrogen becomes substantial when heavy rainfall causes soil eroding and movement of debris. The highly soluble nature of nitrogen makes it be oblivious easily into the soil when it rains heavily. Findings from research studies show that leaching does contribute to the nominal head of nitrates in groundwater. This however does not cause much taint since the concentrations of nitrogen do not reach high enough levels. The crop uses up to 50 percent of the applied nitrogen leaving about 30 percent to 50 percent available for leaching.This, from a study through with(p) on North Carolina soils leads to leaching to a level of only deuce feet where there was 3 inches of percolated water (Baird, 1990). Eutrophication is a slow process whereby streams and lakes are enriched with natural nutrients. This process leads to the accelerated aging of lakes and reservoirs. Eutrophication generally means excess festering of algae. The ingathering and decomposition of algae causes depletion of oxygen available in water. Nitrogen has a fertilizing effect in algae and other plankton which are food to other organisms in water such as fish and invertebrates.Overproduction and decomposition of these pla nkton uses up oxygen, meaning that other oxygen-dependent animals have miserable oxygen which leads to their wipeout. (http//kywater. org/). In addition to using up oxygen excessively, the giantism of algae and other plankton can lead to clogging up of water systems such that water flow is inhibited. This is especially common at call fors of water intakes. A lot of sea seed downs also block light from reach the deeper waters (http//ga. water. usgs. gov/).This has the effect of compromising respiration for aquatic invertebrates and fish, making the death of animals and plant inevitable. High concentrations of nitrites produce a condition called brown smear disease which is fatal to fish. (http//kywater. org/). Eventually diversity of animal and plant lifetime is lost. The death of fish results in offensive odours, and affects the water such that it cannot be used for recreative purposes standardised swimming, boating and fishing. Mueller and Helsel conducted a study of 12,000 ground water samples and approximately 22,000 samples of surface water at over 300 sites.The samples were gathered within NAWQA study units. They compensate that the concentrations of nutrients in water have a close relationship to how land is used upstream or in the area that overlies a ground water aquifer. According to the analysis there were higher concentrations of nitrates in groundwater than surface water bodies. The regions with the highest concentration were the Northeast, the Great Plains and areas along the West Coast (Mueller and Helsel, 1996). Agricultural areas have a higher likelihood of having water with increased concentrations of nitrates.Research shows that public-supply surface and domestic supply substantiallys outside areas where land is used for agriculture generally have trim back concentrations of nitrates compared to wells in agricultural areas. On the other mitt, urban areas have higher concentrations of Ammonia and phosphorous in surface water (Muel ler and Helsel, 196). For water to be considered safe for domestic water supply, nitrates or nitrite level should be below 10mg/L. (United States Public Health Service). Nitrites undergo a direct response with haemoglobin in humans and warm-blooded animals leading to the formation of methemoglobin.This flux leads to decreased ability of red cells to carry oxygen. The most affected by this inability are infants less than three months because the babies develop methemoglobinaemia (blue baby disease. (http//kywater. org/ww/ wild leek/rmnox. htm). Due to this reason, when nitrates levels exceed 1. 0mg/L, the water should not be used to ply babies. In older people high nitrate levels cause disturbances in the digestion system. (http//kywater. org/). Phosphorous is a naturally occurring element that can be found in rocks and mineral deposits.Phosphate ions are soluble in water and are released when rock undergoes the weathering process. Phosphates have three forms of existence, meta i norganic phosphate, orthophosphate and organic phosphate. phosphate is mainly produced by natural processed but there are man-made sources that produce orthophosphate. These include un case-hardened sewage and partially treated sewage, use of certain fertilizers and runoff from sites where the main land use is agriculture. Metaphosphate or polyphosphate are used in treatment of detergents and boiler waters. When in water metaphosphate changes to orthophosphate and it can be used up by plants in this form.Organic phosphate occurs tied to organic bodily like plant tissue or waste solids. When decomposition occurs organic phosphate is converted to orthophosphate (www. water-research. net/phosphate. htm). Phosphorous is necessary for animal and plant growth and acts as a growth limiting nutrient in lake ecosystems. Well-oxygenated waters have low amounts of phosphates. Phosphate undergoes a complex process of pulmonary tuberculosis and mineralization to be retained in the soil, unlike the nitrogen rack which is simpler. oil-soluble phosphate is incorporated by plants and animals in their biologic systems to form composites like ATP, DNA and RNA.ATP is necessary for energy production via the Krebs cycle while DNA and RNA have genetic importance. Phosphorous is so necessary for photosynthesis to occur (www. water-research. net/) Phosphates enhance growth of aquatic plants which are the food source for other organisms. Increased production of plankton result in an initial increase in population of fish and the entire biological system of the water body. This however has an adverse effect because as the phosphate levels build-up the process by which the water ecosystem is aging is speeded up leading to an unbalance of nutrients where production begins to exceed consumption.Phosphates like nitrates also cause eutrophication resulting in more plants than can be consumed by the system. The result is anoxic waters, presence of algal blooms that are toxic and a red uction in biodiversity as well as destruction of food supply and habitat. (www. water-research. net) Eutrophication is an issue that compromises water choice and has received much attention since 1980 when there was extensive occurrence of teal algae in fresh water systems.These blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) sometimes produce toxins that cause harm to human beings and farm animals. Poor conditions resulting from eutrophication have been noted in eastern North Carolina in the Chowan, Neuse and Pamlico River systems (Baird, 1990). water system that has in truth high levels of phosphates causes digestive problems to people. The negative effect of high levels of phosphate then is more indirect to humans but has a bigger bear upon because by altering the environment and destroying habitats the destruction caused is much harder to reverse.A compound like nitrates dissolves in water and moves in water in surface streams and ground water. Most forms of phosphorous, however, are transp orted together with soil that has undergone erosion especially when runoff is high flowing precipitation and irrigation. This is because instead of dissolving they hold themselves to soil particles. As such phosphorous is more likely to bemire surface water rather than ground water (USGS, Circular1225, 2007).Findings from a USGS report indicate that phosphorous has a greater effect in do eutrophication with 0.1mg/L of phosphorous being sufficient to cause excessive growth of aquatic plants (USGS, Circular 1225, 2007). In urban areas, the most significant point sources are urban streams which have discharged from wastewater treatment plants. A report of the US Geological service indicates that the streams in the semiarid horse opera and south-western cities coupled with those in urban areas on the East had high levels of phosphorous (USGS, Circular1225). Recent research shows that phosphorous can travel with ground-water flows.The study was conducted in Cape Cod, Massachusetts wh ere there has been contamination of the groundwater with phosphorous, an unlikely thing since most scientists generally believe that phosphorous is not transferable via groundwater (McCob et al, 2003 Stollenwerk, 1996). The main factors influencing photograph to contamination are the type of soils and slope of land. These two factors determine how ready and how much runoff there will be. Areas with steep slopes, poorly numb(p) clay soils and little vegetation have higher likelihood of contamination of their surface waters.In urban centres, pavements and drains made of tile cause quickening of flow of streams. Ground water on the other hand has a high chance of contamination if the soils drain well and the subsurface material is highly permeable. Some practices of crop-management designed to decrease sediment flow whitethorn increase infiltration leading to greater contamination of groundwater (USGS, Circular, 1225). To reduce the jar of phosphorous and nitrogen in water quality , strategies need to be employ that reduce the use of chemicals and alter transportation of the hydrologic system (USGS).In readiness these strategies consideration of watersheds, patterns of land use and the differences in vulnerability to contamination in various areas should be foremost to ensure that whatever interventions are border in place are effective. References Baird J (1990) Nitrogen management and water quality retrieved from www. soil. ncsu. edu/publications/soilfacts/AG-439-02 Harvard, Olson and Cooke, 1999, Impact of soil phosphorous loading on Water Quality in Alberta, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development.McCob T D, Leblanc DR, Watter DA, Hess KN Kent DB and metalworker RL 2003, Phosphorous in a Ground-water contaminant Plume Discharging to Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1999 US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4306, 70p Mueller D K and Helser D R, Nutrients in the Nations water-Too much of a Good Thing? field Water-Q uality Assessment Program USGS, retrieved from http//water. usgs. gov/nawqa/CIRC-1136. hypertext markup language National findings and their implications for water policies and strategies, USGS, Circular 1225, retrieved from http//pubs.usgs. gov/circ/circ1225/html/nawqafind. htm/.Nitrogen and water quality retrieved from http//kywater. org/ww/ramp/rmnox-htm Stollenwerk K-G 1996, Simulation of phosphate transport in sewage-contaminated groundwater, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Applied Geochemistry, V. 11. no 1-2 pp 317-324 The effects of urbanization and agriculture on water quality Nitrogen retrieved from http//ga. water. usgs. gov/edu/urbannitrogen. html Total phosphorous and Phosphate impact in surface waters Wilkes University, Environmental.Engineering and kingdom Science retrieved from www.water. research. net/phosphate. htm Water-quality patterns in agricultural areas, USGS, Circular 1225 retrieved from http//pubs. usgs. gov/circ/circ1225/html/wq-agri. htm/ Water-quality patterns in urban areas, United States Geological Society, retrieved from http//pubs. usgs. gov/circ/circ1225/html/wq-urban. htm/ Water-quality patterns in areas with mixed hand use and a range of hydrologic and environmental settings, USGS, Circular 1225 retrieved from http//pubs. usgs. gov/circ/circ1225/html/wq-hydro. htm/.

Never Forget Event in My Life Essay

There is an take that I will never forget in my bread and butter. It was the day experience my first accident in the river. At that time, I and my lifters came to river to fishing aft(prenominal) having a class in the afternoon. at exactly3. 00 pm, I got there on foot and brought all fishing equipments. we were so happy and singing together. sometimes we do a joke and screamed like a crazy man. It was a nice and unforgettable childhood. In the fishing bug out, we made a president from unuseful wood around of the river. Then, we sat on it and fishing together.Close to an hour, we had non got even angiotensin-converting enzyme fish and made us mat so bored. Although, we were still going on and tried it again and again. About 30 minutes afterwards, the float of my fishing equipment moved. Then my friend said that you got it and I pul take it and finally I got one fish, plainly it was not too big. I felt so happy and all of my friends came to me to see that fish. Then, they back to their impersonate and tried it again 15 minutes later, they got it one by one. one hour later, we had got many fish about 23 fish.One of my friend told me that it is better to swim because it is so hot today. All of my friend concord and decided to s sack up fishing and swimming in the river. One by one they jumped in the river notwithstanding at that time I felt so doubt to jump because I could not swim but my friends gave me spirit and one of them said that you are a loser . Of course, that was made me angry. Then I jumped into the pee. Because I could not swim, I asked help to my friends, but they could not help me because they were far enough from me.Suddenly, I looked at a wood float on the water on my right side, I reached it and hold it. It had spared my life. I was so scare and took a cryptic breath. All of my friends laughed me and they came to me and took me to the land. They asked me that why did not you tell us that you cannot swim ? and conscionable sa id I just want to having fun with you all. Then they took me to the water again and taught me to swim tumesce. I tried it and one hour later I did it even it was not to well, but I had made trusty trying.They were so happy and so did I. That was a nice and unforgettable childhood. I have many best many friends and they are helpful. At that time, I realized that if we want to do something, we have to think about it well before, even it is just a little thing in our life. An important event changed my life going to the university Everyone knows how Cinderella changed her life after impacting the prince. I have my own Cinderella story. I was a little girl who was invariably in shame. I studied hard but always got wondering(a) scores.All my friends were my neighbors. I had never gone to a far place without keeping my family company. However, an amazing change happened in 1989. I did not meet the prince, but passed the universities entrance examination. As lucky as Cinderella, I went to the top university of my country. My life was changed from that moment. The first change was independence. I lived in a church dormitory which was near the campus my parents could not cook and do laundry for me anymore. I had to deal with everything by myself even handle accidents.Once, I fell stilt from a scooter and hurt my neck and head. I knew I had to save myself at that moment. My parents knew that their little girl had grown up after that. Now, I study alone in a country far from my hometown I can live here as well as I do in my own place. Getting confidence in myself has led me to more successes. I got my first award of the top five percent in my class in the second year. I was not as smart as a lot of geniuses on the campus, but I got great scores in my interesting subjects. I was active in student activities.We succeeded in holding a campus book exhibition. We survived a just typhoon when we had a tour in the mountain area. When I became an elder student, I tau ght and took care of the younger students. An interesting major and abundant student activities strengthened my confidence step by step. The last change deeply affects my work, my research, and my life now. The university provided a good environment to open my view. My university is famous for exemption freedom of speech, freedom of life, and freedom in academics.

Personality and Ill Health

Among the psychological factors that impact health, temper that is table respective(prenominal) differences in thinking, feeling and behaving- plays a pivotal single-valued function. For example, an unmarried high in a sense of coherence (SOC), therefore perceive less stress and soak up the world as to a greater extent manageable, resulting in good health (Williams, 2010). Further much, the individual differences that exist In terms of the attitude the individual has towards their health and how they conceive their illness Is very important.Although It Is a popular notion that tempera workforcet traits go the state of a persons physical health, It Is difficult to establish the true spirit of the human relationship betwixt resonantly and health , including measurement, the distinction between subjectively report symptoms and objective signs of illness and the direction of causation (Matthews et al. , 2003). Four ways in which health status and temper might be linked sire been identified by Souls and Retouches, (1990).Firstly is the strongest assumptions about the importance of temperament traits which represent biologically based differences that whitethorn face different illness offsprings. Second, the relationship between traits and illness might be correlation rather than routine. Third is the usability that traits wizard to behaviors that In turn lead to illnesses e. G. Smoking. Finally, Illnesses may cause personality changes. so far look into has tended to focus on one of these aspects at a meter which may oversimplify the complete Interrelationships that ar likely to exist (Friedman, 2000).The former(prenominal) has shown that from early times a link has almost always been make between personality and illness. Hippocrates (460-377 BC) exposit physical illness as cosmos caused by the balance of bodily fluids or humors meaning personality traits (Steelmaker and Swastika. , 1992). spirit is often conceptualized as specific behavi oral styles as opposed to personality disorders or personality domains. casing A, example B, graphic symbol C and cause D are close to examples of a collection of behavior patterns that are separateed unitedly to form a personality caseful. grammatical case A personality is one of the most studied of these. It Is a behavior pattern marked by tenseness, impatience and aggressiveness, often relating in stress related symptoms such(prenominal)(prenominal) as insomnia and Indigestion, and possibly Increasing the risk of substance disorder. The term persona A was developed by Friedman & Rosen man (1 959), by which stile, and very tense summarized fundamentally as a workaholic personality. Type A personality was developed victimization structured interviews, however, although reliable it was labor intensive and therefore expensive.Due to this it lead to the growth of the Jenkins self report measure Nonsense et al. , 1974). There were at least(prenominal) four major breakth rough studies of personality and cardiac vascular disease PROVIDING CONFLICTING RESULTS. The earliest success for Type A personality came from the westward Collaborative Group Study (Roseanne et al. , 1975). This news report followed 3, 154 initially healthy men geed between 39 & 59 years. The sample was followed up 8 h years later with Type A men were show to soak up twice as much cardiovascular disease than Type B men.Type B personalities are very laid back , patient, and take a very relaxed low-key approach to life and their Job. This would suggest that Type A personalities are to a greater extent than prone to cardiovascular disease than Type B personalities. However, a later follow up study showed to a greater extent detrimental or unequivocal results. After 22 years the same group reported no effects of Type A but unagitated marked effects on mortality from blood erasure, cholesterol , sens and age (Raglans & Brand, 1988), suggesting there was much(prenominal) than T ype A personality straight off increasing risk of coronary heart disease.Similarly, a cohort study known as the Farmington study, began between 1965 & 1967 (Haynes et al. , 1978). This claimd 5,127 men and women cosmos appraiseed and put up the incidence of cardiovascular disease to be meaningfully higher in Type A than Type B. However, in a follow up study results were less clear cut as it was order that Type A personality was indicateive of cardiovascular disease only in certain occupational groups. Also, women with cardiovascular disease scored to a greater extent highly on Type A behavior and suppressed more distaste, tension and concern than men.Adding to these conflicting results were the Honolulu Heart Program Study (Cohen & Reid, 1985) and the British regional Heart Study Monsoon et al 1987) which found no significant knowledge between Type A personality and cardiovascular disease. These findings have act to be explained through a meta-analysis of the literature (Booth-Kelley & Friedman, 1987) where findings were said to be imputable to the differences in the ways of assessing behavior and the use of different outcome assure, in that a distinction needs to be made between objectively and subjectively measuring these outcomes.Although, an association was made between Type A personality and cardiovascular disease, the contradictory results can mean a procedure of things and further investigations of pathways and mechanisms is necessary to fully understand the associations. This suggests that although Type A may have an association to C. V. D. , it does not depict a definite outcome of illness. Another facet in seek is that provided by personality theorists, where the components of personality are looked at instead of the personality as a whole.Glass (1977) found three separate components made up Type A personality. These include striving competitively for achievement, sense of urgency and high levels of aggressiveness. Compared to the more relaxed, slow going Type BBS Type As were seen as more concerned with having control and having lower threshold for perceiving Hostility here is described as the toxic component. In a meta-analysis of 45 studies (Chide & Step, 2009) concluded hostility and anger was associated with an increase(20%) risk of C.H. D. Developing in originally healthy people. Also, research such as the Western Electric Study (1983) has consistently pitcherful a link between hostility and C. H. D. Similarly, 12 longitudinal studies examined the usance of hostility on the incidence of C. H. D. , 6 longitudinal studies have examined the role of hostility on C. H. D. Mortality and 2 longitudinal studies examined the role of hostility n sub clinical C. V. D. The results from these revealed that anger/hostility was associated with C. H. D. ND cause mortality, independent of potential biologic and socio-demographic confounder (Fink, 2009). In contrast, the high scores found on the personality trait of hosti lity assumed a casual link to C. H. D. -in that the illogical processes associated with hostile behavior are overly associated with change magnitude C. V. D. (Square et al 2002). The deduction provided here portrays that an individual that is more hostile is more prone to C. H. D. Either directly or through outcomes that individuals display such as smoking or drinking alcohol because of the hostile behavior.This evidence suggests that while type A personality alone cannot consistently predict C. H. D. , its subcomponents (such as hostility as discussed above) are in fact more reliable indicators . Due to the inconsistent findings on type A personality and C. H. D. It in turn resulted on an emphasis on individual differences. look found that depression, low levels of social bide, high hostility and anger being seen as risk factors in C. H. D. (Dickens et al. , 2007).It was concluded, psychological risk factors tended to cluster together in some individuals and they were therefor e more likely to experience cardiac problems when dealing with chronic stress. Again, a personality type approach was developed- character Type D ( Denote, 2000), which consisted of combined states of anxiety, pessimism, despair and anger. Type D is alike characterized by high levels of negatively charged festivity (AN) and social inhibition, with individuals especially experiencing AN more likely to experience distress, anxiety, irritability, pessimism and worry.It is the combined effects of these negative emotions that define Type D (Cupper & Denote, 2007). However, it is this inability to cope that may help explain wherefore some individuals are more prone to C. H. D. Although, it has recently been reported that Type D is an independent predictor of increased mortality among patients with coronary heart disease(Cupper & Denote, 2007), little to no research has investigated how type d ND non type d individual cope with stress.Both negative affectively and social inhibition invo lve distancing oneself from the stresses using avoidance or withdrawal coping strategies causing the individual to make fewer attempts to engage directly with the problem. Also individuals with type D are predicted to actively reduce their efforts to seek out social support (Denote, 2000) which has been shown to be detrimental to health and well-being. A cross- sectional study of 334 initiative year undergraduate students found a small but significant moderator effect for Type D for he disengagement symptom of burnout (Pullman et al, 2009).These findings also mirrored other findings with individuals high in personality trait neurotics, which shares similarities with negative affectively (egg Denote, 2005). Therefore, reduced levels in comparisons to non-type d individuals. This includes avoidance coping strategies as well, which in turn lead to higher stress levels influencing C. H. D. It is clear from the evidence provided that a relationship between personality and health exists, therefore making some individuals who possess traits such as hostility or eroticism more prone to illness than others without these traits.Although it is favorable to depict certain personality types (e. G. Type A) and relate these to ill health, instead it would be more beneficial to assess personality traits before the onset of illness so that the brief relationship between cause and effect can be established. From the literature, it is becoming more clear that the traits identified within personality types play a major role in predicting health and to understand this role is where the importance lies.Also, the research conveys the relationship teen personality and health can be explored more extensively when using wider arrays of psychosocial measures and outcomes in longitudinal studies (rather than cross-sectional)-ideally studies that follow people from puerility onwards (Friedman, 2000) as once again cause and effect may be established. Overall, the importance of understandi ng why some individuals are more prone to illness than others and the personality traits involved in this, is due to the unanalyzable reason it is better for health prevention and treatment. At the end of the mean solar day. Your health is your wealth

Joseph Andrews as a Picaresque Novel Essay

Joseph Andrews, or The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his Friend Mr. Abraham Adams, was the commencement published full-length clean of the English author and magistrate total heat handle and among the first new(a)s in the English language. Henry Fielding along with Samuel Johnson is considered to be the founder of English raw. Henry Fielding was in fact a satirist and initi all in ally he was kn proclaim for his sarcastic works on the political corruption of his times. His work shows the realistic approach towards portraying the understand of the contemporary ships company. Fieldings first venture into prose fiction was the establish of Samuel Richardsons Pamela and Fielding himself defined his story Joseph Andrews as comic larger-than-life poem in prose. Published in 1742, Joseph Andrews is the story of the adventures of a very(prenominal) chaste, good natured footman Joseph and his dear friend and mentor the idealist rector Adams who is non only an h 1st man besides a man of lawsuit upright.Joseph Andrews was initially written as a parody of Samuel Richardsons Pamela however as the story develops and grows we realize that the story is entering into a nonher musical agency and is naturally followers a different pattern. As the events unfold and the blither effect of the occurrences spans through we feel that the genre the novel is entering into is clean dishonorable. The dishonorable usage belongs to Spain and is derived from the word Picaro meaning rouge or a villain or a rascal. The word picaro started to first appear in Spain with the current meaning in 1545. In 1554 the novella Lazarillo de Tormes is credited with inception the genre and the expression Pic atomic number 18sque novel was coined in 1810. Before freehanded public debates to support whether or non Joseph Andrews is a dishonorable novel, it becomes necessary hither to first get a clear idea as to what a pic arsque novel is and what be the pa radigms and parameters that define a particular style of writing as pic aresque. on that point are some qualities that distinguish the dishonorable novel or narrative form, all or some of which whitethorn be employed for effect by the author. These are A picaresque narrative is usually written in first person as anautobiographical account. The main calibre is often of low contribution or social layer. He or she gets by with wit. There is almost no game. The story is told in a series of loosely connected adventures or episodes. (4)There is little if some(prenominal) disposition development in the main character. unitary time a picaro, always a picaro. His or her circumstances may flip but rarely result in a change of heart. The picaros story is told with a plainness of language or realism. Satire force sometimes be a bountiful element.The behavior of a picaresque hero or heroine stops just short of criminality. Carefree or immoral rascality positions the picaresque hero a s a sympathetic outsider, untouched by the false rules of society. The characters are numerous in payoff and so are the events of the novel. Taking these salient features of a picaresque novel into consideration I will build and finally establish the argument whether Joseph Andrews is a picaresque or not. In the very introduction of novel, Henry Fielding acknowledged his debt to Miguel de Cervantes, a Spanish novelist, poet and playwright whose Don Quixote is the beaver known example of a picaresque novel. As we read the novel we realize as if the author is directly addressing his lector and he is relating the events to us in first person narration.This style of autobiographical writing is kept up(p) throughout the book. Fielding alike presents a different case to his readers at the start of the each part of the book. For example in book I chapter I he defends the practice of writing a biography. He besides highlights the discrepancy between appearance and reality by mocking Colley Cibber who in his autobiography called Fielding a broken wit. Then in Book II chapter I he tells his readers the utilisation of dividing his novel into books and chapters. as healthy in Book III chapter I he reminds his readers of the purpose of his novel and dismisses historians. The realism is quite obvious here which satisfies and fulfills the purpose of the very first property of a picaresque novel.Then comes the second paradigm of a picaresque according to which the main character is usually of low character or low social class and very witty. Mr. Andrews though organism a very moral and chaste person is of course not of low character but definitely belongs to a lower class organism the son of piteous parents and brother of Pamela the chaste maid servant of grass family. AndJoseph is not without wits at all. He is a simple honest person who after understanding the malice of intentions in Mrs. Slipslops and skirt Boobys minds, immediately decides to quit the job and income tax return to Fanny. In the events that follow we alike see that he has got more brains than Mr. Adams who is a dreamy idealist whose doctrine is good begets good and deplorable begets evil. But Joseph, in spite of creation very respectful and pliable towards Parson Adams, neer fully believes in his doctrine and is very a lot able to see through things clearly and judge people in a better way.For example Joseph is able to gauge the character of the squire who makes generous but false promises to people but Parson Adams does not and besides Joseph contradicts parsons idea of private education being better than the public. This shows that though Joseph considers Parson Adams his mentor and values his advice yet he has his own understanding and is not following blindly whatever is glide path his way. Another property of a picaresque hero that Joseph is utterly not having is the rascality. He is facing adventures, he is meeting wicked people, he is also in love wit h a girl but he never indulges in any ill means or shows any relegate of wickedness or rascality in the face of all the hardships that are befalling him. Thus he is untouched by the false rules of the society. A prominent picaresque element of this genre is the gambol of the plot which is very practically obvious in the case of Joseph Andrews plot construction. Looseness of the plot is so dominant that it seems as if the only plot is going haywire and is following a haphazard path as if one is on a roller coaster ride not in terms of speed but in terms of abruptness.The writer starts with one thing and before last it he takes up an entirely new dimension and starts talking somewhat something entirely different and irrelevant. He takes it to an extent that reader loses the account of the events and is go away confused. Sometimes Fielding introduces a character without a rational interpretation of its abrupt stretch at a particular fanny. For example the arrival of Mrs. Sl ipslop at the Dragons inn all of a sudden is quite out of the blue. And sometimes in that location are certain things which the reader is compelled to assume without any rational reasoning. Meeting of Fanny and Joseph is also quite odd and abrupt. Likewise the story of Leonora and Horatio is again something which is utterly irrelevant to the plot and adds to its looseness. Arrival of Mr. Peter Pounce to Booby Hall without her mistress brothel keeper Booby and his appearingat the scene of Fannys abduction is also unjustified.The overflowing list of adventures, brawls, quarrels, irrelevant and unnecessary events, unexplainable occurrences signify the looseness of the plot and its insignifi preservece in connection to the actual story but at the same time they are fulfilling the requirement of the picaresque narrative style. The character development of the pro labelonist Joseph Andrews is somewhat flat. Actually he is shown as a chaste and honest person till the very end of the no vel. There are no sharp turnings and giving ins to the circumstances at any point in the story for Joseph Andrews and this makes his character a stereotyped one. He could keep make at least one mistake and that would have given a real twist to his character as well as to the story. The mistake could have been giving in to the chambermaid Betty at shlep Wouses or may be once to Lady Booby but he is shown to be a chaste one at all times. Thus there is almost no character development in Josephs case and his every next military action is quite easily calculated and predicted by the reader.The only thing that changes nearly him is his being the son of Harriet Hearty and Mr. Wilson and not of Mr. and Mrs. Gaffer which also relieves him of the tag of being Pamelas brother. His chastity and his immoveable love for Fanny are the two strongest sides of his character that are being talked about throughout the novel. In the book I, after giving an account of who Joseph Andrews is and how he became friends with Parson Adams, Joseph Andrews is interpreted to London with Lady Booby. Here we get a glimpse of societys ways and the element of banter and realism sets off. Fieldings plainness of language that is his realism as well as his satirical vein shows its reflection throughout the span of the novel. Fieldings satire is acidulous. Malice, selfishness, vanities, hypocrisies, lack of liberality, all is ridiculed as homophile follies. Different strata of the society are shown through the picaresque mode. The travelers meet hunting squires, mean innkeepers, corrupt landladies, imbibing parson, philosophers, lawyers and surgeons, beggars, peddlers and robbers and rogues. Particular social evils predominate in the day, and follies and foibles of human nature in general are effectively exposed.In case of women, Lady Booby, Mrs. Slipslop, Betty, all these women are shown to have the unbridled lust for the opposite sex. Lady Booby is mourning her dead husband while playin g cards and is quite a happy for having another opportunity to have a new lover. The clergymen are shownto have no moral values sooner they are indulged in the worldly affairs and are crafty and callous. There are abominable and inhuman squires. There is no concept of charity among the higher or so called privileged class. They cannot help a silly fellow who is robbed and stripped-down by the ruffians. A parson cannot help a man of his own fraternity with some shillings. A surgeon shows no sympathy for the poor footman. The in keeper on finding out that Adam is not the real kin of well to do Mr. Tulliber, refuses to give any charity which she was ready to part with earlier when she mistook Adams for being the rich mans real brother.A very cruel realism and satire is shown when Pamela also becomes an accomplice of Mr. B in persuading Joseph to do away with the idea of marrying poor Fanny which is so ironic since Pamela herself belonged to that class to which Fanny belonged and ha d herself succeeded in marrying a person of a higher prospect. A blurry kind of surliness also arises when Fielding tells us of the man talking of courage and fearlessness but he runs away at the mere mention of the danger, and of the Catholic priest who after giving a wholesome lecture on the evils of money ends up in asking for some money from Parson Adams.Poor Adams forgetfulness is both humorous and serves as a reason for new adventures and encounters with new characters. Sometimes this humor is also shown in a slapstick style for example in the head over heels tumbling down of Adams and in the ridiculous fight at the Tow Wouse inn where Mrs. Slipslops also joins in and pulls the hair of the inn keepers wife. Also the mention of Mrs. Slipslops hairy chin and in the middle of the night Adams being half naked and falling on her in a mere confusion and of the new suitor of Fanny, Beau Didapper when he crawls into Mrs. Slipslops bed mistaking her for Fanny is very much humorous. H ere, again Mrs. Slipslop takes advantage of this opportunity to satisfy her ego and yells at the top of her phonation as if she is being raped by Didapper is quite hilarious.Thus pungent satire and to an extent sufficient amount of humor is there to categorize this novel as fulfilling this characteristic feature of a picaresque. This novel is a gallery of characters, another very important feature of a picaresque mode. The travelers meet squires, in keepers and their wives ,landlords and land ladies, gentlemen and gentlewomen, parsons and their wives, ruffians, postillion, horsemen, coachmen, people in theneighborhood, priest, chambermaids, accountant, gamester, player, poet, philosophers, lawyers, justice, surgeon, beggars, peddlers.And to ones surprise, this steady train of characters contributes in these adventures very actively and each one has a part to play which also justifies the looseness of the plot. The hero travels from place to place encountering thieves an ruffians, r escuing damsels in distress, fighting duels, falling in love, being throw in prison, and meeting a vast section of society. The opportunity of representing a large section of society gave the author the power of exploring the follies of the widest possible take to the woods of humanity. By introducing this gamut of good and bad, virtuous and vicious characters Fielding explores and satirizes the discrepancies in the human affectation and pretences.The central journey in the Joseph Andrews is not just for the purpose of wandering as it is in a picaresque. Joseph is not a wanderer. He is on a noble journey homewards and there is a cause and an objective behind this journey that Joseph has taken up. It is the need that has made him set out even in the darkening hours. He is rather compelled to distribute England and go to his beloved due to the circumstances that arose. Yet the whole journey is fabricated in the utter manner of a picaresque narration. It is in the chapter ten of the book one that picaresque element enters the novel when Joseph is shown to set out on his journey in the borrowed coat. From here bring forth his misadventures and finally he is shown to meet and marry his beloved. This picaresque element is hold till the end of the book III in terms of being adventurous.From book IV onwards satire and realism is more prevalent than the adventure. There is a tug of war going on in terms of emotions between Lady Booby and Joseph who does not want to turn over Fanny come what may and lady Booby does not to leave alone Joseph come what may. In this quest, most surprisingly and coincidently, he comes to find oneself his true identity in terms of his real parentage. Interpolated stories and Coincidences are there which make up the fine ingredients of a picaresque novel. In this concluding paragraph, on the basis of above mentioned arguments and textual evidences, I would establish this educational activity that Joseph Andrews is a Picaresque Novel.T here are certain sections where picaresque tradition is not strictly being followed and it seems as if theauthor is subtly prophesy moral values and is hence being didactic. Also, Henry Fielding efficacy himself call it a comic epic poem in prose and whatever the motive behind writing it he may describe, be it anti-Pamelism or whatever, but when we look at it in a broader perspective we can clearly make out that it has the rambling and discursive narrative which enable to it to have all the elements of a picaresque in it and therefore reservation it a Picaresque Novel.

Andrew Jackson Campaign Speech of 1828 Essay

My fellow Ameri bears, the future jointwealthal elections present a very important natural selection. We can design a true representative democracy for the first time in history, and be led by our developly elected leaders. Or we can continue to live in an aristocratic republic run by over-educated elitists who be not beh gagaen to the volition of the good deal, but only to themselves. As you all know, three years ago I won the public vote for President, but was denied the office because of a corrupt bargain between the dishonorable Henry trunk and President Adams. The peoples choice was disregarded by the elite in power.As a result, I immediately resigned from the Senate and returned to Tennessee, where the legislature immediately nominated me for President again. I affirm spent the last three years preparing to right this terrible wrong(p) and take back the peoples power to favour their testify leaders. My opponent Mr. Adams dismisses me as a military chieftain. I reserve fought both wars for this country, and I am proud of it. I think one of the some important qualifications a President should have is a military background. We were invaded by the British only 15 years ago.That enemy is still in the Canadas agitating Indians to attack us, and waiting for another chance to invade. We have unusual enemies at our every border. Dont for go bad the Spanish forces salutary to the south in Florida, and Mexico to the west, and Indians constantly raiding settlements all along the frontiers. These hostile threats be legion(predicate) and dire, and we need a President who has the experience to detain our nation against them. There are threats to our nation from indoors as well. The wink National Bank is a threat to our economic well-being. President Adams and Vice-president Clay both support the bank claiming that it provides stability.I say it does great impose on _or_ oppress to the average American. It is a financial monopoly controlled by a few flush(p) easterners. It controls the credit for the entire country, prints root money of dubious worth, and it is reasonable seemingly unconstitutional. Out west thousands of ordinary shop keepers, millers, farmers and other business owners cannot get the bills and the loans they need to run their concerns. How do you develop and grow the deliverance of a new state without currency, or worse yet, with paper currency of dubious worth? I say permit us do away with all paper money, I do not cuss it.Gold and Silver coin have intrinsic and eternal value, paper does not. We should also rely on our local and state banks, run by the people who live in and empathise our communities, to control the currency require for commerce, not some faceless, monopolistic national bank. Another threat from within are the abolitionists. They care about one issue only, and would tear the nation apart to get their way. Slavery is necessary to the economy of the south. If we outlaw it, we wi ll make criminals of thousands of slave owners overnight, and collapse all of the southerly states economies.How will southern families feed and clothe themselves without their labor force? I say let the people and their states decide this issue for themselves. Many northern states have already outlawed slavery, and one day the southern states may follow. You cannot force a cultural channelize like this on people you must let them come to it in their own way and time. That is the nature of democracy. President Adams is afraid(predicate) of internal threats as well. His biggest fear is YOU The people of this nation, the ordinary citizens of the United States are the gravest threat he faces.Our President doesnt trust us. To him, we are the unwashed, vile masses who, given the chance, would run the country into the ground. The president has stated many times that he believes his precious republic will soon cast off into democracy that sayment of the people will become government b y the people. I say its about time. I say we the people built this nation. We have marched across the continent, scratching out a living, and entombment our children along the way to do it. I say we the people understand better than anyone what it takes to make this nation grow and prosper.I trust the common people of this nation, because I am one of the common people. I am not yet another wealthy land owner from Virginia, nor am I an aristocratic lawyer from Massachusetts. I am a just an old Indian fighter from Tennessee. I believe we the people who have sacrificed the most for this great nation have earned the right to govern it. But I need your help to make this happen. Already, the new states are entering the union with few restrictions on the vote. This has caused many the old states to change their ways as well.Eighteen of our states now choose their electors by commonplace vote, while only six still allow the legislature to choose their representatives for them. I urge you all to go to the polls on resource Day. With this election we can finally take back power from the old aristocracy. We can establish the legitimacy of majority rule based upon direct voting for candidates by the electorate, and guarantee preservation of the Union, with states rights as the fundamental footing of American liberty. This is the dawn of a new day for democracy and groundbreaking American politics. Please vote on Election Day. Thank you.

McDonalds Marketing Plan Essay

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYMcDonalds Philippines is a subsidiary of the Filipino-owned fortunate Arches winment Corporation. The first Filipino McDonalds to open for business was in the Morayta university districts in Manila during 1981. These days McDonalds is operating over one hundred fifty restaurants by with(predicate)out the islands of the Philippines. Being a 100% Filipino-owned franchise entirelyows McDonalds Philippines to be to a greater extent agile and take quicker actions, making them an raze more than(prenominal) competitive force in the Filipino extravagant-solid diet trade.It is one of the leading fast- forage handcuffs internationally as intimately as in the Philippines, with a speedily developing consumer brand and growing client base. . It is a place for family to recrudesceherness nonionized around a common love of the traditional food. Its operating trunk is characterized by managementing on furnishity for consistent woodland, the formation of acco mplice relationship with its franchises and winr to improve operating system innovatively and last and not least the asylum of mod fruits. With its steady drive for improvement and consistently broad(prenominal) shade, McDonalds revolutionized the entire supply range of mountains. Instead of regimenting its supplier and franchisees, McDonalds expected commitment from them in price of adherence and experimentation.The apply, fluid operating chain of suppliers, McDonalds corporate centering and franchisees balances each other, creates an entrepreneurial spirit that added c are for, innovation, economics of scale, the bargaining power for publicizing and purchasing, as well as new ingathering and process ideas to the gild. Additionally, all involved parties hold a collective emphasis on disciplined quality standards. As years passed by, McDonalds needed to adapt to indus drive changes by accomplishing roughly process design innovations in fruitful collaboration with its suppliers and franchisees.In this context, McDonalds improved the chains chicken and chips quality and amity by switching from raw to frozen delivered fries as well as the productivity of employee. Another major process enhancement was the introduction of the breakfast at McDonalds. In this way, the corporation expanded its operating hours since it had to kick in for rent, utilities and insurance 24 hours a day, anyways. The generation of a totally new business came along with the nice side effect that it again distinguishes itself from its competitors.This trade plan is used in outlining the product, pricing, and dispersal and promotion strategies to be implemented and executed during this conviction. It proposes a revitalization of the McDonalds philosophy so as to focus on the quality of products and services for clients value and a healthy lifestyle, healthy eat habits, smart choices and education. The plan a alike outlines the structural issues that may arise durin g its implementation and execution, tactical initiatives to turn schema into action.II. CHALLENGEProblemBefore, the high society use grilled direct system. Which becomes the line of work of the company because the customer always complaining about the quality of the product like chicken mcdo, when it is served to the customers it is not crispy because it stays longer in the warming bin, and also the patty of the burger, it is not juicy because it is not hot.The plan of attack of McDelivery to the call center is another problem of McDonalds because whatsoeverwhat times the learning about on the location of the customer is wrong.SolutionNow a day the McDonalds uses the Made for You (MFY) system. Food is made or lively to actual customer demand, providing each and every burger completely when it is needed and in time (JIT). It standardizes assembly of all sandwiches to one or both(prenominal) at a time. Requires minimal Human Decisions Making. It requires Behavioral chang e pure tone Complete waste Equipment Standard procedureIII. SITUATION ANALYSIS conjunction analysis Goals Develop a solution to improve kitchen layouts, plenty status and operational procedures for a better guest experience. In simple terms our goal is to take aim a happy and satisfied customer. Focus the company should focus on products and services.McDonalds is a customer-oriented company that strives to shot Filipinos a combination of great tasting, quality food productions at value prices with pure service. Values Customer driven, Malasakit, Integrity, Teamwork and Excellent. Strengths Quality of the product, services and cleanliness of the store. The service of the company is fast and accurate, and we believe that taking right care of our customers is the first vital rate toward effective sales building. Patents and Trademark Branding much(prenominal) as through and through the use of logos, colours, slogan and other images. A chance upon part of the McDonalds b rand is its M logo otherwise known as The fortunate Arches. Weaknesses The competitors like Jollibee, Mang Inasal, Burger King etc. Lack of cooperation between the management and in the crews. marketplace Shares McDonalds has captured more than 40% allocate of the hamburger market in the Philippines.Customer Analysis Number 30% is ages 60 and above, 20% is ages 1-15, 50% is ages 16 and above. This is the percentage of customer who are eating at the McDonalds everyday particularly during breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Type Class B & C Value Drivers a part from our product and services. McDonalds gives back to the union through the Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC). RMHC supports childrens development and well being through Bahay Bulilit and Bright Minds Read (BMR). Every happy meal purchase gives 50 centavos to RMHC. Decision process The customer shit a lot of give the axeing making it is base of what they needs and wants, also the customer decide to deal a discount ed product like in coupon and the mcsaver meals.Competitor Analysis Market PositionNo. 1 (Jollibee)No. 2 (McDonalds) StrengthsLasang Pinoy new(a) materials are milieu friendly WeaknessesJollibee has a poor service Market shares Jollibee has captured more than 52% share of the hamburger market in the Philippines. deck up ANALYSISStrength Risk diversity Large market share Strong supply chain Promoting ethical conduct Competitive fast-food chain Attentive and friendly staff/crews Rigorous food safety standards Good reputation among customer Decentralized yet affiliated system Strong brand name, image and reputation Strong monetary and mathematical process and position Affordable prices and high quality products Nutritional information acquirable on packaging Strong global presence and performance in the global marketplace Specialized teaching for managers known as the Hamburger University McDonalds Plan to Win focuses on people, product, place, price and promotionWeaknesses un fit food image High staff turnover including top management Customer losses due to fierce competition Lack of entrance fee to the best natural re rises Lack of access to key dissemination pedigreeOpportunities Growing health trends among consumers Joint ventures with retailers Consolidation of retailers likely, so better locations for franchisees respond to social changes by innovation with in healthier lifestyle foods sustain its value proposition and offering, to encourage customers who visit coffee shops into McDonalds The new formats, Mccafe, having wi-fi network links should back up in attracting segments. Also installing childrens play-parks and its focus on educating consumers about health, fitness. International expansion into emerging markets of other country Growth of the fast-food industry Low cost add-in that will attract the customers Providing many promotional activitiesThreats Health professionals and consumer activists accuse McDonalds of contributing to the country health issue of high cholesterol, heart attacks, diabetes, and fleshiness McDonalds competitors threatened market share of the company both internationally and domestically Global recession and fluctuating foreign currencies Affordability of the competitors products Similar flavors and products of the competitors Competitors endorsers are such(prenominal) popular when it compares to McDonaldsIV.Market SegmentationMarket Segmentation is the process of splitting customer in to contrastive groups, or segment within the customers with similar characteristics have similar needs.Geographical SegmentationMcdonalds offered their services establish on accepted country basic food. Like Philippines McDonalds realized that Filipino basic food is rice which with fried chicken as its local basic food.demographic/Psychographic SegmentationDemographic segmentation divided the market into groups based on variables like gender, age, nationality, religion family life cycle and fami ly size McDonald offered their services by segmented their customer base on age, religion and family life cycle. To offer the best service McDonalds still c oncern about variations due to differing tastes and pagan issues for their customer over the world.Behavioral SegmentationBehavioral segmentation focuses on dividing consumer based on their knowledge, attitudes, uses, benefit sought, or responses to companys product. genius of the best forms of segmentation is to divide buyers according to the antithetical benefits that they want to get by purchasing the product. Usually people who look for in their product class or look for each benefit. For example, McDonald provide McDelivery for 24 hours, this is the solitary(prenominal) one delivery service that not stop even once in a while a day by good call it and come out, after that within a minute it comes to your place with the food that still hot and fresh.V. Alternative merchandise StrategiesMcDonalds has seen recent success through a careful implementation of its Plan to Win schema, which focuses on some(prenominal) key fits of the business, namely increasing traffic to restaurants, providing everyday value to customers, innovating the company through the creation of new plug-in items, re-imaging the companys look, as well as its trade campaigns.McDonalds Plan to Win is based on a core set of four main goals contain more customers Get these customers to eat at McDonalds more often Develop more brand loyalty for the McDonalds brand Ultimately become more profitableIncreasing restaurant visitsCurrent market condition booster the appearance of McDonalds as a low cost alternative to eating at more expensive restaurants in the minds of customers, which has consequently led to an sum up in foot traffic at McDonalds franchises. McDonalds has addressed these conditions through an add in advertise, specially displaying the companys assist toward a change menu of low cost items. Such advertising ser ves to satisfy all four of goals of Plan to win program, drawing customer interest through a short display of the plethora of new menu options recently added, while also helping to change the look and feel of McDonalds in the minds of customers.Providing everyday valueIn order to create an overall mental picture of value for customers to experience, McDonalds has released a modular value meal, where customers have the benefit of both low prices coupled with incrementd freedom when deciding on a meal. While traditional menu options emphasize a trade-off between ordering freedom and price, the McDonalds value menu provides customers with both all at once, helping customers associate the brand with good value.Innovating new menu itemsAt the same time as their menu choices have become modular and less expensive, McDonalds is also creating value for customers by providing a diverse menu with many more ordering options. Customers can now expect an increase in health-conscious options b y adding some vegetables in the burger and also they provide some dessert like apple pie or pineapple pie. McDonalds also provide a mccafe like ice mocha, ice latte, and cappuccino, Americano to provide some different variety of coffee to satisfy the customer.Marketing campaignsAs well as considering the important of prevailing customers informed of the continuing changes to the company through advertising media and social media dialogues, McDonalds also do its the value of maintaining an ongoing support system and training structure for each of its franchise operators. As mentioned above, McDonalds uses well defined, and measurable milestones to help their constituents meet company goals with as few inconsistencies as possible. McDonalds training programs have been continuously recognized for their excellence, and with the continuing changes being carried out throughout the company, this attention to the value of training is a terrific asset to the company.Re-imaging the restaura nt at a time benefiting the companys goals of brand development for the company, McDonalds is reenergizing their brand through an thought of brand power, which is built on the cultivation of four key areas of the brand, brand individualism, familiarity, specialness, and authority.Brand identity is defined as the set of characteristics that customers recognize your brand by in McDonalds case these are speed, consistency, value, and variety. Brand identity works with brand familiarity, helping to expand the message that symbols of the company, or even the overall impact of advertisements themselves in reinforcing the identity of the brand in the minds of customers. If guardedly managed, McDonalds can use their brand identity to view as their investments in advertising go much further.Beyond this, brand specialness and authority conduct the process, representing the perceptions of McDonalds as the company appears to customers. Ideally, McDonalds should leverage brand specialness a nd authority to distinctly stand out as a distinct and trustworthy source of value, allowing customers to increase the value of the McDonalds brand through their positive interactions with the company.McDonalds adopts different strategies to attract customers of different age groups, but still the main intention remains to be children. So in order to attract them, McDonalds use a key tool the Happy Meals, which seem to hitch children due to the bets included in the menu. In addition to this, they have a tie up with The Walt Disney Company for the Disney characters included in the menu, in order to make sure that they offer the kids a wide range of toy options. Moreover, McDonalds provides the children with a special facility, unique for food venues and fast-food restaurants a playground.This strategy is aimed at making McDonalds a pleasant and fun environment for both kids and parents. Even the exterior of every restaurant is also strategically designed using bright colors to in vite in the customer, especially kids who can easily be influenced by these aspects. So not only that the children like it, it is a chance for the parents to spend some quality time with their kids. Another aspect of their marketing strategy is the fact that every McDonalds restaurant provides WiFi facilities, a detail that adds to the attractive qualities and is aimed at teenage customers.In addition to this, what is representative for this chain is their clown mascot, Ronald McDonald, who is essential for creating the bond with children and entertain them. They can even have private birthday parties in the facilities, again part of McDonalds aim to induce happy memories in childrens minds, and to make them associate the McDonalds brand and logo with happy moments.VI. Selected Marketing StrategyProductSuppliers are dedicated to providing McDonalds with top quality material that is continually monitored for perkiness and safety. McDonalds uses regional suppliers to ensure that the freshness is delivered to customers in every product they buy. Food quality is keys at McDonalds. They sample out fresh lettuce and tomatoes, onions and pickles, quality buns and tateres, pure ground beef, award poultry and fish and in allsome dairy farm products. All of the beef, chicken and pork barrel that are used are purchased from federally inspected facilities to ensure freshness, wholesomeness and peak quality when served to customers.Non-Vegetarian IngredientsChickenThe chicken products are made from high quality swot up rib and leg meat and are covered in a specially seasoned, lightly battered coating. They are shaped in uniform sizes to ensure consistency in weight and value.FishThe fish products in McDonalds Filet O- Fish are 100% pure whole white fillets that are lightly breaded.Their exacting quality standards for fish outstrip federal requirements. The ocean-fresh quality of Filet-O-Fish is a result of the process and ability to hoar the fish at sea to mainta in freshness.Vegetarian IngredientsVegetablesMcDonalds use freshly shredded lettuce, onions, pickles and tomatoes in their restaurants. All their vegetable products are processed from high quality graded vegetables in a 100% dedicated vegetarian plant.PotatoesMcDonalds cut fries are famous around the world. To make French fries, McDonalds uses only the best potatoes available from their own potato farms. Their potato suppliers make many of the same nationally recognized brands of potato products to make customers feel that they are with their family at home. These potatoes are cut, blanched and processed on state-of-the-art processing lines to ensure maximum retention of nutrients. Their French fries and Potato Wedges are cooked at the plant in 100% vegetables readying oil.Other IngredientsCheese and other Dairy ProductsAll dairy products like cheese, McShakes and Soft Serves are made from fresh dairy milk. All dairy products including cheese have a role to play in match diet be cause they contain a wide variety of essential nutrients such as protein, calcium, fat solubles, phosphorus, etc. McDonalds uses a special hold out of pasteurized American cheese to complement the flavor of their sandwiches.BunsMcDonalds uses buns made from locally grown wheat flour. They are bake locally and delivered fresh, several times each week to McDonalds restaurants. preparedness OilFood preparations are done in 100% smashing vegetable oils at the restaurants plants. They use liquid oil and not hydrogenated oil. This bureau there are no TFAs or Trans Fatty Acids in the French Fries or any other products. Additionally, these vegetable oils contain some essential fatty acids necessary for growth.QualityFood quality is the all-important(a) element at McDonalds. Despite extensive and meticulous quality examen at the suppliers end, all products are once again carefully scrutinized at the restaurant. Immaculate of quality allow for nothing but the best to disturb customers tray.Their products are sourced from the highest quality ingredients, prepared hygienically and toughened to regular quality checks such as the McDonalds Inspection political platform (QIP).Scope of Product LineDistribution (Place)Place, as an element of the marketing mix, is not just about the physical location or dispersal extremums for products. It encompasses the management of a range of processes involved in bringing products to the end consumer. McDonalds outlets are very evenly spread throughout the cities making them very accessible. Drive in and drive through options make McDonalds products further convenient to the consumers.Intensive DistributionDistribution arrangements tend to be long term in nature. Because of this time horizon, channel decisions are ordinarily classed as strategic, rather than tactical or operational ones. Many of McDonalds restaurants are open 24 hours per day which satisfies the customers needs and wants, especially for exists their hunger. Thi s kind of distribution strategy is called intensive distribution, means marking the product available for sale through all possible channels of distribution. Intensive distribution is stocking the product in as many outlets as possible.PromotionThe promotions aspect of the marketing mix covers all types of marketing communications One of the methods assiduous is advertising, Advertising is conducted on TV, radio, in cinema, online, using poster sites and in the crushed leather for example in newspapers and magazines. Other promotional methods include sales promotions, point of sale display, merchandising, direct mail, loyalty schemes, door drops, etc. The skill in marketing communications is to develop a campaign which uses several of these methods in a way that provides the most effective results. For example, TV advertising makes people aware of a food item and press advertising provides more detail. This may be supported by in-store promotions to get people to try the product a nd a collectable promotional device to encourage them to keep on buying the item.At McDonalds the prime focus is on targeting children. In happy meals too which are targeted at children small toys are devoted along with the meal. Apart from this, various schemes for winning prices by way of favourable draws and also scratch cards are given when an order is dictated on the various mean combos.VII. ConclusionSince the problem of McDonalds is about the customer that keeps on complaining for the quality and freshness of the products that is being served. Therefore I conclude that the company should use the MFY (Made for You) system, so that the food is made or prepared for the customer just in time with a good quality for a reasonable cost. The company should also provide a large number of riders to avoid late delivery.

Living in a dynamic earth Essay

Evolving from ape-man guild to the advanced shade nowadays, people start to inhabit in artificial concrete hobo camp and live far away from the given natural environment. With favorable feeler and economic benefits, peoples crave for natural resources keeps escalating from time to time. People have a expectant t peculiarityingency to consume resources yet ignore the long-termbehavioural consequences that atomic number 18 destined to cycle back eventu everyy. The signifi batchce of sustainability is mostly overlooked. The keep back Human wisdom and Human History 101 considers the planet and benignant as a whole system and tells the story in an informational scientific way.The book contains four main topics. Firstly introduce the formation definition of the priming and facts about different parts and components of the estate to provide readers a satisfying concept and basis of the planet. afterwardswards, it gradually explores the fact that tender-hearted genesis dev elopment and evolution be greatly determined by the changes on the Earth, for instance, the uncontrollable natural catastrophe-vol bearo eruption. Hence it evaluates the resulting impacts and races between piece development and the Earth as a circulating ecosystem.The first-year chapter starts with the exploration of the account and facts of atmosphere, marines and rivers. An inlet of the atmosphere composition and authorized scenarios of greenhouse put in and ozone depletion spark take the chapter. The sun gives life to the Earth. It provides a primary zero source to the Earth. solar button of the sun breeds and sustains the living subjects. Temperature on the Earth exclusively controls climates and determines changes on the living environment and consequently triggers alterations in man race behaviors, which occasions benevolent account statement finished centuries. This chapter specifically links the variation of solar radiation sickness to the changes on come up of the Earth and history of mankinds. The aforementioned changes in solar radiation are explained by long-term cycles. (Chapter 1, P.5) With obtaining the trapped gas of carbon dioxide in frosting to determine the information about the changes in atmospheric temperature, in which a 100,000 years of slow cooling in glacial periods and 20,000 years of rapid warming in interglacial periods can be investigated.Climate changes create different periods and with the start and end of different periods generate distant consequences therefore affect and shift living of human. From the long history of 1,5000 years ago, change magnitude temperature leaded to the melting of water and terminated the last Ice Age. With the end of last Ice Age, three main consequences topographic effects of deglaciation, peopling effect of the Americas and the possibility of the occurrence of biblical flood in the wispy ocean occur. (Chapter 1, P.15) These three effects farther mold the advance of the Earth with the junctions of rivers, breakup of the Earth continents and expansion of sea area. Firstly, topographic effects of deglaciation discusses the corporeal proof of glaciation on land and rapid sea level rise. The melting of ice uncovered the land and exposed much of the topography of northeast America and northerly Europe. Secondly, peopling of the Americas confers the inclination of very different evolution patterns between South and imputable north Americas using examples of primates, hominins and Homo sapiens. The circumstance was leaded by the isolation of North America by the opening of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.Thirdly, Flooding of the Black ocean tells that the Black sea was once isolated, and by connecting the Black Sea with other knowledge bases ocean by melting ice, the busiest waterway in the world that affects peoples transportation routes and preferences is created. Then from the shorter history of past 2000 years, the time is divided into five peri ods with obvious evidence of the learn of climates to human behavior and history. (Chapter 1, P.17) For example, in the Little Ice Age, a reducing in food fruit and rise in food prices due to a cold climate spurred the emigration of people and eventually the higher(prenominal) food attend leaded the French Revolution. It is evident that although it seems irrelevant, when viewing the human history and climates together, we can find huge and direct relationship that can by no means be overlooked.Climate changes human behaviors and builds history. after explaining the linkage between climate and human activities, global warming is discussed as a non-stop phenomenon that keeps influencing us. After showing evidence of global warming, it is, however, stated that the rapid increases of the amount of greenhouse gases is mainly caused by human activity and social progression. For instance, in the 1700s, the industrial revolution started up the human economic occupation fuelled by coal after that, the development of car (an industrial production) speeded up the utilization of oil especially in developed countries. Volcanoes, oceans and rivers activities and influences are explored to end the chapter. (Chapter 1, P.25) This chapter provides history of the Earth and human, which explains the rational behind climates and human activities and further honour us the possibility of influences to us in the afterlife.After the comprehensive explanation of the relationship of solar radiation tothe atmospheric elements, formation of the Earth dig up and eventually links to human development, chapter cardinal proceeds to description of the solid tectonic parts and its tectonic processes, then explores its influence and relationship to human kind. Tectonics is the deformation of the earths surface. In the beginning chapter two provides basic information of the structure and composition of the Earth and the principle of Isostasy. (Chapter 2, P.53) From the summation of t he Earth, it consisted of a core, a mantle and a crust. With the heat constantly generates from the inside of the Earth, the crust is at the same time in motion. These affects the crust which is the surface of the Earth where human habitat and creates a series of tectonic processes that we human being considered as catastrophes. Isostasy is then referred to the concept that all elevation parole the Earth are determined and controlled by the thickness and density of the be crust and known as Equal standing.Following is the handling of the Plate tectonics, which foremost explains the heat generates from the Earth by radioactive decline and this source is strong enough to prevent shrinking and to drive tectonic processes. The chapter further remarks on the structures and processes of the movement of quivers using the concepts of continental drift, hot spot, and plates. (Chapter 2, P.61) After all the fundamental information then comes to the influences of tectonic processes includ e Volcanism, Earthquakes, Tsunamis, animated in rifts and Living on small islands. The above five processes are discussed from its formation reasons to its impacts on humans habitat and explains with examples of the according changes in mankind behaviors and history. Firstly, in volcanoes eruption, molten shivers known as magma is introduced and categorized into intrusive rock and extrusive rocks. (Chapter 2, P.67) Three historically important eruptions are described. The violent outburst of Santorini in 1640 B.C. which has a great possibility of leading to the remarkable switch of Minoan civilization by the Mycenaeans.The other two are flare-up of glowing cloud, one is from the Mount Vesuvius and the other is the Mount Pelee. In the after eruption, a glowing cloud around 500 meters high crashed in St.Pierre which burned and covered the whole town and killed approximately 25,000 people. Secondly, earthquakes occur when faults pinch in a sudden. The highest magnitude of earthqua ke that is ever measured is 9.5 in Chile on 22th of May in 1960. Possible influences of earthquakes arediscussed by examples at Mayan Quirigua, Israeli site of Armagedon and San Francisco. Earthquakes can be as unappeasable as to destruct all of the existing civilization in Maya empire. However, human can also learn from time to time to protect ourselves by obtaining knowledge of building in earthquake-prone areas. (Chapter 2, P.73) Thirdly, tsunami is a gigantic system of waves in ocean basins that is resulted from sudden displacement of ocean surfaces.Mostly, tsunami is a consequence of subaquatic earthquakes and the examples of Indian Ocean and La Palma are then illustrated. In the evidentiary tsunami of Indian Ocean, more than 200,000 deaths were caused directly and long-term social facilities and industries destructions, for instances, buildings, streets and touristry industry, were created. Fourthly, people living in rifts because those low valleys contain a great amount of resources in terms of water, food and fertile soils for living. Examples of East African rift system and Hawaii are mentioned to further illustrate the ample resources in rift valleys. (Chapter 2, P.83) Last, the chapter ends with describing people living on thousands of small islands same Hawaii and Midway which are almost isolated from the rest of the world geographically but play solid role of intermediate boodle of air route.With the basis of the atmospheric element and tectonic planet surface mentioned in the first two chapters, chapter three continues with the introduction of the fall of human and continents. The controversy of emergence of human kind from creationism or evolution is evaluated and the origin of existing continents is discussed with evidence. Generally, creationism represents the belief that creatures are created by Genesis 1 in the 6-day period when God made the Earth. Creationists think the concept of evolution can be compatible with creations in the biblical stories. Every living thing in the world are made by God one by one and every word in the Bible is undoubtedly true. (Chapter 3, P.90) patch speculation of evolution tells the existing creatures are evolved from ancient living things in the process of natural selection. Evolutionist rejects supreme beings and thinks that living objects in the universe all undergoes physical processes of changing. French anatomist George Cuvier proposed the idea that the Earth had undergone several times of huge extermination and recreation of new organisms throughout times.If the existing organisms are capable of adapting to theirenvironment, it survives if it does not, it simply varies or perishes. With the continuous variation of creatures to adapt to the environment and prevent from dying(p) produces the form of existing creatures nowadays. The controversy of creationism and evolution continued seriously through the 20th century. The trial of John Scopes in Dayton in 1925 is mentione d to show the ingrained conflicts. (Chapter 3, P.94) The sequence of events that influenced the Earth is also discussed with the method of law of superposition to tell apart the age of substances.Such method can to certain extent try on the history of supercontinents. Continents preserve long history of the Earth and the discussion of continents is disordered into two parts of continents formation and history of supercontinents. Two of the supercontinents are Gondwana and Pangea. decision mistakable fogey in different countries or areas proved they competency once be a whole complete landmass. (Chapter 3, P.111) Concerning Gondwana as an example, similar fossils are fix in Australia, India, South Africa and South America. Also, glaciation evidence is found in the above areas to show its unity in the past.Finishing all the discussion of the formation and development of the Earth and human kind, the last chapter reveals the relationship between the Earth resources, human needs, behaviors and the environment influences and sustainability. Sustainability means humans patterns of living and working which are able to continue for the foreseeable future of humankind and, not causing series destruction or scathe to any member or component in the ecosystem. (Chapter 4, P.120) This chapter breaks up the energy resources inlet and environmental consequences into five aspects of introduction to energy resources, mineral and rock resources, food resources, fresh water resources and wireless communication and the Internet. In the category of energy resources, information about world energy information is first given. It is shown that energy consumption of United declares is increasing from year to year.Also, the United State that possesses 5 percent of worlds population, consumes 25 percent of world energy production. While sad countries only consume low rate of energy. An unbalance energy use is to a large extent shown. (Chapter 4, P.123) Then energy resources formation, production and consumption and history of use of different resources are described regarding fossil fuel, nuclear energy,renewable resources and rock and mineral resources. To the aspect of food resources, nutritionary requirements are discussed with a comparison and contrast of the calories consumption of industrialized countries and poor countries. Origin and characteristics of different sources of food for example Beans, wheat and fruit are mentioned afterwards. (Chapter 4, P.150) Thomas Robert Malthus produced an essay in 1798 introducing the tendency of population increasing exponentially which presented the scenario that world population kept escalating.Yet, while population increases the world is cool off not capable of feeding everybody although there are plenty of food. fodder distribution is not even. This situation supports the doctrine of survival of the fittest, similar to the idea of natural selection in extinction and evolution. (Chapter 4, P.154) A deve lopment of silk road and distant modern communication internet and methods are then mentioned. From the further transportation of horse riding to steam engines, from land transport to ocean transport, there was a great advance in human society connection. Also with the invention and breakthrough of communication gadgets time to time, from electricity generators to bring forward and to radio, information can be disseminate much easier. (Chapter 4, P.157) It is, however, worth to hypothecate that how those technology can be correctly used to benefit human beings.To sum up, by providing scientific information and evidence of the formation and changes of the Earth and human kind, this book tells the story between the Earth and people. While human civilization proceeds and enters the era of rapid economic activities, energy consumption keeps escalating for the productivity and need of human. It is, yet, remarkable that all of the energy sources create certain amount of problems to the E arth and environment. As a closed ecosystem, addressing sustainability is of utmost significant to human beings future life. At the end gives audience the message of its correlationship in order to highlight the importance of obtaining sustainability to human and our habitat, the Earth.Reference listRogers, J. W. & Tucker, T. (2008). _Earth Science and Human History101._United States of America Greenwood Press.

American Latinos: Cubans, Mexicans and Puerto Ricans

Three of the cheeseparingly dominant Hispanics present in the American society today argon the Mexican (66. 9%), Puerto Ricans (8. 6%) and Cubans (3. 7%) (Ramirez & Cruz, 2003, 20). Aside from the fact that all in all three groups speak Spanish, all sh ar common cultural backgrounds that differ from the US mainstream society. For one, the Latinos ar very family oriented and keep extended families at househ anile (Driscoll et al, 2001, 255 Andersen & Collins). In or so Latino families, grandp arents live with one of their marital children or married children live with their parents. Some quantify relatives as well live with the thermonuclear family.Grandmothers played a significant role in the lives of Latino families, they help oneself in raising their grandchildren and act as advisers. Latino parents also lack their children to live with them until they get married. Such nicety conflicts with the US mainstream society where independency and self-reliance is largely em phasized (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 263-265). Keeping an extended family in the crustal plate is non popular in US refining in fact, children are expect to leave their homes when they reach eighteen. Children who still live with their parents at that get along with are looked upon as dependent.Unlike Latino grandparents, grayer wo workforce in mainstream society exercised slight power over their married children and more often than not stand up from depression due to an empty nest syndrome. Moreover, the prevalent nearbodyistic culture of mainstream society in the US do not allow for besides much dependence with other people even with their own family. The Americans worked solid in their entire living to support their old age. Unlike the old Latinos that were taken mete outd of in the home when they are sick, aged Americans are comm alone cared for in foster homes or hospices.Americans viewed too much dependence on others as a sign of laziness and irresponsibility (Ande rsen & Collins, 1995, 265). Latinos mince forficate model for men and women. The honor of Latino family rest on the in editional deportment of their women. Women must keep their virginity at all cost until spousal and be differential to men in their sexuality. Although Hispanics in the twentieth ascorbic acid may not hold the same strict sexual values, the customs duty of maintaining virginity until marriage continues to be a cultural imperative.However, married women are suppositional to accept a double standard for sexual behavior by which their husbands may have sexual affairs with other women. This double standard supports the Latino stereotype of machismo. Many mannishs celebrated their adolescence by visiting prostitutes and their father, uncles or older brothers pays for sexual initiation. Adolescent females on the other hand hold de exactlys that emphasize their virginity (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 264-266).Unlike in US mainstream society, there is an equal standar d on male and female sexual behavior, males and females are expected to give up their virginity at a young age around 15 or 16. Their peers ridiculed them if they are still virgins at 18. This difference in sexual behavior had caused tensions oddly among American adolescents and female Latinas who were taught to keep their virginity at all cost. At present however, due to American cultural cast, younger Latinas now dumbfound themselves challenging handed-down sexual mores (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 256).In Latin society, female design of commodity is connected by their be a martyr or submissive to their husbands and to their family. staminate superiority had its roots also in machismo. Adult males, however, gave a higher respect and reverence for their mothers. Moreover, in Latino families, women are traditionally regarded as homemakers, as much as possible they stay in the home to care for the family musical composition the men provide for them. American cultural influenc e however changed the Latino culture especially as the Latinos sour exposed to the independent and emancipated behaviors of the Americans (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 265-266).II. Mexicans and Mexican Americans cod to American victory of Mexico and the granting of US citizenship in 1848 through the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexicans became a part American society. In the years 1880s and 1940s, adult maley of them migrated to America as laborers. Due to the proximity of America to Mexico, many entered the country as culpable immigrants (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 249). standardised most Latino cultures, Mexican families are patriarchal in nature. remote families are important instruments of commintegrity life and nuclear family units are associate together through an elaborate system of kinship and god parenting.Women are regarded as subordinates to men and are expected to take care of the family while the men work to provide for them. Machismo is also a part of their cultur e, with men celebrating manhood through the conquest of many women and acting as superior. Mexican families also recognize extended family network, particularly the system of compadrezo or godparenting. In Mexican society, godparents are an important factor that links family and community. Compadrezos are expected to act as guardians, provide financial assistance in times of need and to substitute in case of death.Because of their devotion to catholic reliance and machismo, Chicanos do not approve of homosexuality (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 254 Driscoll et al, 2001, 256) In rancor of the influence of American culture, racism, segregation and proximity to Mexico help the Chicanos (Mexican-American) to maintain some traditional family practices although the imposition of American law and custom ignored and ultimately undermined some aspects of the extended family. Wives are now exercising power over their husbands as they entered the workforce.Unfortunately, even though both work, most men do not help in household chores so that chicanas are prone to stress. . unexampled generation Chicanos, on the other hand, demands independence like their US counterparts and most potential engaged in social intercourse at a refuse age (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 230 Spence, 2003). Since many of the Mexicans entered illegally in the US, many of them were not sufficient o move freely in American mainstream society causing so much stress on their part. Like the rest of the Latinos, Chicanos are at risk for developing asthma, diabetes, and AIDS (Center for Disease Control, 2008).Illegal immigrants however, refuse to depend a doctor when they got sick as they are afraid to be deported (Figueroa & gryphon, 2006, 2). II. Puerto Ricans Puerto Ricans are the poorest group of all the Latinos and generally are the most dark-skinned. Puerto Ricans graduation exercise entered the country in 1898 when the United States take possession of Puerto Rico during the Spanish- American Wa r (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 229). The family is patriarchal in nature, with men acting as providers and protectors and women as homemakers.Men do not take part actively in domesticated chores and caring for their children although they are expected to be affectionate to them. Machismo is also a part of thier culture, subordinating women to men and men perceived as having a higher sexual drive. Men enjoy more freedom in public than women do and it is expected that they have many female conquest. Male dominance is met with a womans submissiveness and in the belief that a womans virtue is further enhanced by being patient and forbearing toward their men although generally women mistrust their men.Puerto Rican women however, in spite of the demands of being patient and forbearing, do not see themselves as resigned females but as dynamic homemakers. Although conscious of their subordinate status to their husbands, wives are also aware of their power and the demands they can make. They can choose to live with the man or leave him when he turns out to be abusive. Furthermore, Puerto Rican women regarded motherhood as a womans greatest satisfaction in life base on their concept of marianismo. Virgin Mary is seen as a womans role model (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 255-260).Ideal family relations are based on two interrelated themes, family unity and family interdependence. Family unity refers to the desirability of close and intimate kin ties, with members getting along well and keeping in frequent contact despite dispersal and getting together during holidays or celebrations. Family unity is viewed as contributing to the strengthening of family interdependence. They believe that the greater the unity in the family, the greater the emphasis family members volition place on interdependence and familial obligation.Despite the adaptation to American life, Puerto Rican families are still defined by reciprocity among family members, especially those in the immediate fami ly kinship group. Individuals in Puerto Rican families will expect and ask for assistance from certain people in their companionable networks without any derogatory implications of self-esteem. The older women expect to be taken cared of during old age by their adult children (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 255-260). Although emotional and physical closeness among women is advance by the culture, over acknowledgment of lesbianism is even more restricted than in mainstream American society.In fact, rejection of homosexuals appears to be the dominant attitude in the Puerto Rican community forcing homosexuals to star topology a double life although the American concept of equality and individual rights threatens this belief (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 260). Concerning their health, Puerto Ricans have higher risk for AIDS since they least likely get married. They also have the highest rate of developing diabetes among the Latinos (Center for Disease Control, 2008). In recent times, the cul ture of male dominance is being challenged in Puerto Rican families especially that women also now work.Daughters however are expected to care for the home while their brothers work. New generation Puerto Ricans also engages in sex at an earlier age as compared to their island counterparts. Children also demands more independence from agnatic control (Shaefer, 2006, 239 Andersen & Collins, 1995, 255). IV. Cubans The Cubans first entered America as political refugees during the Cuban regeneration in 1959. They are the most successful of all the Latinos since most of them are professionals and the US government assisted them (Schaefer, 2006, 247 Andersen & Collins, 1995, 229).The Cuban family is also patriarchal in nature and the concept of machismo is very much entrenched in their nature perhaps largely because they had been the last Latin nation to be liberated from Spanish control and their lives had been dominated by military struggles. The ingrained machismo concept had caused much regression and assimilation conflict in Cuban males in America. Cubans in America are permitted to have sexual relations with American women as long as they do not forget to wed a Cuban girl.Men do not do household chores because it decreases their machismo. Women are regarded as subordinates although women are now asserting more authority in the Cuban American home as they entered the workforce. However, women still respect male superiority and ask for their approval when joining clubs or engaging in social activities. The importance of extended families also diminished god parenting-role is lessened. Cuban Americans do not accept homosexuality and were repulsed by the fact that some men chose to discard their male power to act as women.However, unconnected the Americans who regarded both persons of the same sex who engages in intercourse as homosexuals, the Cubans only regarded homosexual the person who assumes the position of a woman in intercourse (Schaefer, 2006, 250 And ersen & Collins, 1995, 229). Many Cubans however publicly proclaimed that they would like to return to Cuba someday when Castros government is overturned and so they desired not to be all too adaptive to American culture (Schaefer, 2006, 250). V. ConclusionThe Latino culture of family dependence through extended families, male superiority, women chastity and homosexual horror is being challenged in the American mainstream society. As they live in America, Latino family structure suffer changes in gender roles wherein women now asserts some form of authority , independence and sexual freedom. Parents and extended families also exert lesser power over the new generation. With regard to health issues, the Mexican illegal immigrants are at a disadvantage in accessing health care while the Puerto Ricans are at a higher risk for contract AIDS and diabetes.References Andersen, Margaret and Patricia Collins. (1995). Race, Class and Gender, 2nd ed. Belmont Wadsworh Publishing Company. Cent er for Disease Control. (2008). wellness Disparities Affecting Minorities. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/hispanicamericanhealth. html Driscoll, Anne K. , M. Antonia Biggs, Claire D. Brindis, and Ekua Yankah. 2001. Adolescent Latino Reproductive wellness A Review of the Literature. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 23 (5) 255-326. Figueroa, Evelyn and Griffin Deborah.Understanding Cultural Influence On Health Behaviors of Latino Adolescent Parents. UCLA Chicano Studies search Center, 12(2006)pp. 1-4. Ramirez, Roberto O. and G. Patricia de la Cruz. (2003). The Hispanic existence in the United States March 2002. Population Characteristics. US Census Bureau. P20-545. Schaefer, Richard T. (2006). Racial and Ethnic Groups, tenth ed. New York Prentice-Hall. Spence, Naomi J. 2003. transition to First Sexual Intercourse The Interaction between Immigrant Generational lieu and Race/Ethnicity. Paper presented at the Southern Sociological Society .