Genetic Study of Olive Plants

contagious Study of Olive PlantsIntroductionOleaceae family comprises 24 genus which consists of 600 species and its members cease be found all(a) over the world. One of the first cultivated country tree crops within Oleaceae family is the chromatic Olea europaea L which is unremarkably used for production of table chromatics and edible oil. Olive is the native determine in coastal regions of Mediterranean and there are more than 86 varieties of Europea species found in Anatolia of bomb. Turkey is known to be wholeness of the largest producers of olive oil and the first producer of black table olive among all the countries in the world. Majority of the black table olive that produced by Turkey is the cultivar of Gemlik which represents 80% of the production. on that pointfore, many researches in Turkey are mainly think on molecular and classical breeding program for Gemlik cultivar due to its economic importance.It is essential to have the patrimonial studies in olive pl ants in rove to understand the constituenttic mechanisms and hence to improve the woodland and quantity of products. explicit sequence tags (ESTs) which are obtained from the single-pass complementary DNA (cDNA) sequencing can provide divisortic breeding of an organism. Since EST is bugger offd with gene that expressed at certain stage or tissue of organism, the information on mature transcripts for coding region of genome can be shown by EST. Hence, EST databases are useful for functional studies, gene and chump discovery, and gene mapping. Currently, EST libraries for more than 40 plant species are established for providing information that is important for functional genomics studies in which the putative functions of genes can be deduced by searching for homologies with known genes. originally this study, there were just around one thousand EST sequences which were available in GenBank database on February 2009. The EST studies for olives are obviously skimpy and lackin g of sequence information may limit the genetic studies in olive plants. In this paper, twain separate cDNA libraries which were constructed from young leaves and olive fruits for olive cultivar Gemlik were used to establish a rich EST collection. Clones which were obtained from the cDNA libraries were sequenced to yield ESTs. These sequences were assembled and clustered by using specific software and they were then deposited in GenBank database. Annotation of the generated EST sequences was performed using flak catcher and BLAST2GO.Method of preparing Expressed Sequence drop back (EST) databaseThe research material used in this study was the olive (O. europea) cultivar Gemlik (G 20/1). The methodology that involved in preparing EST database for Olea europaea was described by Ozgenturk et al. (2010).Before constructing cDNA library, total RNA was isolated from young leaves and unripe olive fruits by using the RNA extraction kit. In this paper, RNeasy Plant Miniprep kit was used for total RNA extraction. Total RNA was treated with the Oligotex template RNA Mini Kit to obtain purified mRNA. The isolated mRNAs were collected and utilized for constructing deuce separate cDNA libraries. Since RNA molecules are very unstable and troublesome to amplify, it is important to convert mRNAs into cDNAs which are more stable in order to analyse the information carried by mRNA molecules (Mullinax Sorge, 2003 Tovey, 2011). The cDNA libraries can be constructed with the isolated mRNAs by using a cDNA library crook kit and the CloneMiner cDNA Library Construction Kit was used in this paper. Briefly, a double- stringed cDNA (ds cDNA) was first synthesised from mRNA by using primers provided in the kit. For the first strand synthesis, biotin-attB2-Oligo(dT) primer bound to the poly(A) tail of mRNA and the mRNA was used as the template for reverse transcription by SuperScriptTM throwback Transcriptase. The newly synthesised single-stranded cDNA (ss cDNA) served as the template for second strand synthesis by Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase . attB1 sequence was then incorporated to the 5 end of ds cDNA by attB1 Adapter.The synthesized ds cDNA was ligated into pDONR222 transmitter and transformed into competent E. coli strain DH5. The two cDNA libraries were plated onto LB-kanamycin agar plates. individualistic colonies formed on the plates were picked into 384-well plates which containing SOB medium and incubated overnight. The cDNA libraries were then stored at -80C after adding with glycerol (10% v/v).Complementary DNA (cDNA) clones were haphazardly selected for isolating plasmid DNA with alkaline lysis method. The isolated DNA was digested and insert size was identified by performing 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. In this paper, 3840 clones were randomly selected and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using M13 universal primers. The ABI 3730 capillary vessel sequencer was used for automated sequencing of cDNA in order to generate ESTs.ResultsTwo separate cDNA libraries were established with mRNA extracted from young leaves and fruits respectively. The norm insert sizes for the turn over and fruit cDNA libraries were respectively 1.6 kb and 1.1 kb. The leaf cDNA library consisted of 2.4 106 clones and 2304 clones were selected for sequencing. Among 2.2 105 clones within olive fruit cDNA library, 1536 clones were sequenced. Therefore, altogether 3840 EST sequences were generated from cloned cDNA sequencing.In order to obtain high quality EST sequences, raw EST sequences were processed by using Phred software in which low-quality bases, vector, and adapter were removed. After processing, 106 low quality EST sequences were removed and the remaining 3734 ESTs were kept for contig assembly. Contig fable Program 3 (CAP3) was used to assemble leaf and fruit EST sequences into contigs. 205 contigs were generated from the assembling of 2228 leaf ESTs and 69 contigs were generated from 1506 fruit EST sequences assembly. The total government issues of contig and singleton that were established from these two libraries were 274 and 2478 respectively. Altogether 3734 ESTs and 249 high quality contigs were deposited in GenBank under the accession number GO242703 to GO246436 and EZ421546 to EZ421794 respectively.In order to designate annotation of the generated EST sequences, BLAST was performed on the matter Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) web server for searching gene homology. Six hundred thirty five ESTs unique gene sequences were found to have more than 80% homology with sequences of known function in the other species. Two thousand twenty four EST sequences have less(prenominal) than 80% homology to the expressed proteins, hypothetical proteins, putative uncharacterized proteins and unknown proteins in database. There are 1339 EST sequences that shown no homology with the sequences that exist in GenBank and about 96.9% of EST sequences that established in this study are dif ferent from that in the existing olive sequences database in NCBI. Therefore, these EST sequences can be considered as novel genes in O. europea. Besides BLAST analysis, gene ontology (GO) annotation was performed for the contig sequences generated from the ESTs by using Blast2GO. GO terms were distributed among the biological process, molecular function and cellular component categories.

Drug Target for Pathogenic Amoebae

Drug marking for Pathogenic AmoebaeHorizontal Gene ravish of a Chlamydial transfer RNA-Guanine Transglycosylase Gene to Specific Algal and Protozoan Lineages A Putative Drug Target for Pathogenic AmoebaeAbstracttRNA- guanine transglycosylases atomic number 18 gear up in all domains of life and mediate the base exchange of guanine with queuine in the anticodon loop of specific tRNAs. They are also cognise to modulate virulence in bacteria such as Shigella flexneri, which has prompted the reading of drugs that chasten the kick the bucket of these enzymes. Here we report a group of tRNA-guanine transglycosylases in eukaryotes ( algae and protozoa) which are more comparable to their bacterial counterparts than previously characterized eucaryotic tRNA-guanine transglycosylases. In silico compendium of these bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylasesrevealed thatthe majority are predicted to be targeted to mitochondria, although some are likely to come in to chloroplasts, t he secretory pathway or the cytosol. We provide evidence demonstrating that the constituent convert theseenzymes was acquired by these eukaryotic lineages via horizontal gene transfer which from the Chlamydiae. Given that the S. flexneri tRNA-guanine transglycosylase skunk be targeted by drugs, we propose that the bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylases could potentiallybe targeted in a similar look in pathogenic amoebae that make these enzymes such as Acanthamoeba castellanii.Keywords mitochondria, tRNA-guanine transglycosylase, queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase, horizontal gene transfer, tRNA, queuosine, ChlamydiaeAbbreviationsTGTase tRNA-guanine transglycosylaseE-TGTase Eukaryotic tRNA-guanine transglycosylaseB-TGTase Bacterial tRNA-guanine transglycosylaseBL-TGTase Bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylaseHGT Horizontal gene transferIntroduction secondary registration of tRNAshas been implicated in tRNA structure, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase interaction andinfluencin g codon-anticodon basepairing1. The function of the adaption will depend on itstype and the position of the modified base. For example, most(prenominal) bases that are modified within the anticodon loop (positions 34-36) of tRNAsare important for accurate displacement by facilitating interactions with their cognate codons in mRNAs 1. One such modification that influences codon-anticodon basepairingis the internalisation of queuine within the anticodon loop.Queuosine is a modified guanosine analogue fix in tRNAs from all three domains of life.Despite its wide phylogenetic distribution, queuosine is only found in a select group of tRNAs (tRNAHis, tRNAAsp, tRNATyr and tRNAAsn) 2.Reduced incorporation of queuosine in these tRNAs alters their codon recognition skill and has been linked to various cancers 3,4.tRNA-guanine transglycosylasesQueuosine modification of tRNA is mediated by tRNA-guanine transglycosylases (TGTases)(also know as queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferases). TGTases cat alyze this modification via base exchange where the guanine at position 34 of the tRNA is post-transcriptionally removed and substituted with queuine or a queuine predecessor 5.Eukaryotes are not capable of de novo queuine synthesis but acquire it finished diet or their gastrointestinal microbiota 6.After its encyclopedism, the eukaryotic TGTase (E-TGTase) mediates the replacement of guanine with queuine in the anticodon loop. In contrast, queuosine modification of bacterial tRNA is more complex. Prokaryotesuse GTP-cyclohydrolase-like enzymes tosynthesizea queuine precursor(e.g. preQ1) from GTP. The bacterial TGTase (B-TGTase) whence mediates the base exchange with guanine to incorporate preQ1, unlike E-TGTases that use queuine itself as the substrate.This incorporatedpreQ1 is then modified by S-adenosylmethionine tRNA ribosyltransferase to epoxyQ, which is further modified to manikin queuosine 6.In addition to tRNA modification, B-TGTasesplay a role in regulating the font of bacterial genes.TGTase mutants (vacC) in the bacterium Shigella flexneri exhibit reduced expression of the virG and ipaBCDgenes, which encode virulence factors that facilitate the spread and invasion of the pathogen 7. This is a result ofthe VacCTGTase beingrequired to restrict a single base in virF mRNA, which encodes the transcriptional activator ofvirG and ipaBCD8.Thus, B-TGTases can modify substrates otherthan tRNA and are important mediators of bacterial virulence. As a result, B-TGTases lay down served as a targetfor the growing of drugs that interfere with their function 9.Here we report a in the buff group of TGTases in eukaryotes that display significantly greater resemblance to B-TGTases than E-TGTases. We hereby refer to these proteins as bacterial-like TGTases (BL-TGTases).In silico analysis identified 25 BL-TGTases in obvious protozoan and algal lineages and the reason for their similarity to B-TGTases is explored in this article.Variation in the subcellular loca lization of bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylasesTo investigate the putative subcellular localization of BL-TGTases, three bioinformatic programs were utilized Mitoprot 10, Predotar 11 and Target P 12. The putativelocalizationfor each BL-TGTase was backup manedby predictions from at least two of the three programs.Most BL-TGTases throw N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signals (Table 1), suggesting a role in modification of mitochondrial tRNAs.Interestingly, the BL-TGTases from Ostreococcus lucimarinus and Chondrus crispus were predicted to coiffure to mitochondria with matchless program (Predotar) but to the plastid with another (Target P). While it is possible that these two proteins whitethorn localize to some(prenominal) organelles, further experimentation is required to elucidate their subcellular locations. The BL-TGTase from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was predicted to localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the secretory pathway, indicating it ma ymodify other substrates in this organelle.Bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylase genes originated from a Chlamydial gene acquired via horizontal gene transferWhile the localization of BL-TGTases varied, all 25 of the proteins exhibited higher levels of amino acid similarity to B-TGTases despite their existence in eukaryotes. A Bayesian analysis of phylogeny using MrBayes 13 withBL-TGTases,B-TGTases and E-TGTasesconfirmedthis similarity(Figure 1).The BL-TGTases were most similar to TGTases from members of the Chlamydiae.In fact, the Chlamydial TGTases were more similar to BL-TGTases than other B-TGTases. Given that Chlamydiaeare bacteria, the topographic anatomy of the tree in the present study is incongruent with the universal tree of life. Instead, this topology is consistent with a horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event. That is, the genes encoding BL-TGTases originated from a Chlamydial TGTase-encoding gene that was acquired via prokaryote-to-eukaryote HGT.In addition to th e strong statistical support for the BL-TGTase-Chlamydial TGTase sister group, there are several other factors that support this notion. The Chlamydiaeare known to be major contributors of genes to several eukaryotic genomes via HGT 14,15. This includes genes encoding tRNA modification enzymes such as the Chlamydial tRNA guanine methyltransferases found in protozoa, diatoms and algae16,17 and Chlamydial tRNA genes in vascular plants 18.Similarly to the present study, sister groups were detect between the Chlamydial and the horizontally acquired eukaryotic genes in these cases. Lastly, the majority of eukaryotic lineages in which we identified BL-TGTases have previouslybeen reported to possess HGT-derived genes acquired from the Chlamydiae16,19. Thus, the notion that BL-TGTases resulted from the acquisition of a B-TGTase from the Chlamydiaevia HGT in eukaryotes is highlyplausible.Indirect acquisition of a Chlamydial tRNA-guanine transglycosylase in protozoa via anon-Chlamydialbacter ial intermediateInterestingly, a B-TGTase sequence from the -proteobacterium Candidatus Babela massiliensisclustered with the BL-TGTases of protistsrather than the B-TGTases (Figure 1). Although the protozoan BL-TGTases displayed similarity to Chlamydial B-TGTases, the possibility of a HGT event from Ca. B. massiliensisto protistswas present. SinceChlamydiae and -proteobacteria are not about related, the phylogeny of their B-TGTases was investigated. Interestingly, the Ca. B. massiliensisTGTase clustered with the Chlamydial TGTase clade rather than other -proteobacterial (Pelobacter, Geobacter, Myxococcus, Desulfobulbus) B-TGTases (Figure 2).Ca.B. massiliensisand members of the Chlamydiae are found as obligate intracellular symbionts of protists such as Acanthamoeba, Dictyosteliumand Naegleria 20,21. The presence of both of these bacteria within the one eukaryotic cell would provide the example conditions for HGT between them. Therefore, it is likely that at least two independent HGT events have occurred1) The Chlamydiae donated a TGTase-encoding gene to an ancestral Ca.B. massiliensisspecies and 2) Ca.B. massiliensisthen donated this gene to theAmoebozoa and Heterolobosea.How the BL-TGTase genes were acquired in the algal lineages bear ons to be elucidated, but may have occurred via additional HGT events (either prokaryote-to-eukaryote or eukaryote-to-eukaryote).Bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylases as drug targets for pathogenic amoebaeIn addition to their role in queuosine modification of tRNAs, TGTases are important for S. flexneri virulence 7,8.As a result, studies have focused on the development of TGTase inhibitors that specifically target the S. flexneri B-TGTase to treat shigellosis,while the E-TGTases of the human host remain unaffected. Some of these inhibitors,such as lin-benzoguanine,function by occupying the binding site for preQ122,23.While most eukaryotic species that possess BL-TGTases are non-pathogenic, we identified a BL-TGTase in Acanthamoeba castellanii, the causative element of amoebic keratitis and encephalitis.Naegleria gruberi, whichalso has a BL-TGTase, is non-pathogenic, but is closely related to Naegleria fowleri, the etiologic means of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, which may possess an unidentified BL-TGTase. Given the development of B-TGTase inhibitors has already been achieved, the BL-TGTasesin pathogenic eukaryotes could also potentially be targeted with the same drugs. Alternatively, advanced inhibitors could be developed following resolution of the BL-TGTase crystal structure. To confirm BL-TGTases as a putative drug target future research should cause to characterize these proteins and determine if they have retained their prokaryotic functions and mechanism of action. conclude remarksIn this report, we have described a group of TGTases in algae and protozoa (BL-TGTases). Theseproteins are predicted to localize to various subcellular locations including mitochondria, chloroplasts, the ER and the cytosol, depending on the organism. Lastly, we showed that via threefold HGT events, BL-TGTases were originallyfrom bacteria of the Chlamydiae lineage. The bacterial origin of these proteins could be exploited in the development of drugs similar to those synthesized for the S. flexneri B-TGTase. Research into the identification and synthesis of BL-TGTase inhibitors may provide a novel treatment for infectious diseases which are caused by pathogenic amoebae that possess these proteins.

Crusades From the 11th to 13th Century

Crusades From the eleventh to thirteenth degree centigradeAccount for fervor for crusading from the 11th to the 13th century.The following will discuss, evaluate, and broadside for the exuberance for crusading from the 11th through to the 13th century. Crusading was the name given to the attempts of occidental atomic number 63an Christians to regain the basiss and the territories in the kernel einsteinium lost collect to the grow of Islamic forces. The lands, which the varying crusading forces, were in the introductory place interested in return from Islamic turn back were those territories indoors the saintly lay, especially Jerusalem. All these territories had formally been beneath Christian apply as part of the twisty pudding stone, which had once dominated the nub east. At the start of the 11th century the convolute Empire still remained the dominant condition in the Balkans and other separate of Eastern Europe. The Byzantine Empire had not been able to h alt the advance of Islamic forces from the late 7th century and had not received all military or naval assistance that had halted the Islamic incursions from Western Europe. Although politically divided Western Europe was overwhelming Christian in spectral terms with the papacy holding a slap-up deal of baffle over sacred beliefs even if it could not exercise political spring? As will be discussed below the original motivations for launching the motions were primarily ghostly and those motivations continued from the 11th century through to the 13th century. The religious beliefs and views of the Western Europeans had a strong upon their extravagance for crusading and their subsequent behaviour towards two Moslems and the Orthodox Christians they came in to contact with.For the papacy and indeed for many of the Christians within Western Europe the occupation of the Holy agriculture by Islamics was an unacceptable situation which needed to be reversed so that those territ ories would once once again come under Christian restrain, as they had been part of the Byzantine Empire. Although the Muslims alloted Christian pilgrims to visit the Holy Land and permitted freedom of worship to the Christians and the Jews who still lived there, that did not lower Western European earnestness for taking the Holy Land out of Muslim hands. The way in which the private roads were conducted provided ample proof that the religious inflaming of the romish Catholic church which did the most to stimulate backup for the apparent motions was exceedingly intolerant of Islam and Eastern Orthodox Christianity alike. The actual fact Muslims had control of these lands was bitterly resented by the Christians of Western Europe in general, and the pontificate in particular. There was a prevailing sense that this situation was unacceptable and single a temporary sign of weakness within Christianity was a uninterrupted source of enthusiasm for crusading (Roberts, 1996, p. 158). Whilst the Muslims still controlled part or all of the Holy Land then enthusiasm for starting and then continuing the urges was of all time likely to remain strong. The strong religious beliefs and dare it be said, prejudices were late held within Western Europe between the 11th and 13th centuries, with the offspring that the opposes remained frequent as did the urge to carry on crusading. The starting line crusade would provide enough momentum to inspire a further leash crusades in the consequence as well as the establishment of meliorist kingdoms in the Holy Land. The crusades would heighten the conflict between Western Christianity it also soured its relationship with the Byzantine Empire and the Eastern Orthodox churches, culminating in the disastrous quartern crusade and the break of Constantinople (Angold, 1997, p.10).The Papacy started the enthusiasm for crusading experient in Western Europe between the 11th and 13th centuries. The first crusade was directl y inspired by Pope Urban II who asked for those Western Christians that were capable of going to the in-between East to assist the Byzantine Empire against the expansion of Islamic power in that region should do so (Norwich, 1997, p.256). Urban IIs appeal for stack to link up the first crusade gained recruits from right across Western Europe. The crusading urge meant that people from states that were rivals or even enemies joined together to fight the Muslims that controlled the Holy Land. The first crusade was truly a multinational fighting force, as were the succeeding(prenominal) three crusades (Connell, 2001, p.8). Urban IIs message that all emerging reformers were doing Gods bidding was an astute means of developing and maintaining an enthusiasm for crusading between the 11th and 13th centuries. It was a message that both the Papacy and secular authorities were more than happy to convey throughout this period (Norwich, 1997 p. 256).The Papacy contended that the crusaders would not only be assured of heavenly treasures during their aver after life, the crusaders would be rewarded with earthly treasures as well in their lives in the first place death. For some of those individuals that took part in the crusades the opportunity to gain treasures and their stimulate lands as a result of participation in the crusading campaigns was a greater pose for strong enthusiasm than any other form of motivation. rapaciousness was therefore a strong and virtually continuous agent in the festering and the continuing of enthusiasm for crusading between the 11th and 13th centuries. That avarice do those that joined the crusades just as dangerous to the Eastern Orthodox Christians of the Middle East as they were to the Muslims who lived in the region (Norwich, 1997 p.257). Indeed, when the crusaders did manage to take land away from the Muslims within the Middle East, the victorious crusaders would set up their own separate kingdoms. The crusader kingdoms wer e demonstrations of the greed and the pretensions of the crusaders themselves, the territories that they took control of should have been restored to the Byzantine Empire. If the crusaders had unfeignedly wished to contain Islamic power within the Middle East region, and aimed to defend the Holy Land under Christian control they would restored Byzantine power in these areas. Arguably a Byzantine Empire that had its Middle East territories restored as a result of the crusades would have been in a bust position to keep the Holy Land in Christian hands. It is highly doubtful though if returning all regained territories to the control of the Byzantine Empire would have generated so much enthusiasm for crusading between the 11th and 13th centuries (Roberts, 1996 p. 158).The military and territorial successes of the first crusade was a strong factor in the development and the subsequent maintenance of widespread popular enthusiasm for crusading campaigns between the 11th century throug h to the 13th century. The forces of the first crusade were able to take possession of Jerusalem away from Muslim control, alongside the Lebanon, and much of Syria. The brutality of the Western European crusader armies during the first crusade made a lasting impression upon the Islamic populations within the Middle East. The onset of the crusades only increased the desire of the Muslim powers within the Middle East region to regain and maintain control of the Holy Land as well as all the other territories lost to the crusaders (Lenman, 2004 p. 214). The crusader kingdoms that were established after the apparent success of the first crusade unbroken the concept of crusading to the fore front of Western European thought, mainly as a means of recruiting knights and soldiers that were needed to defend the crusader kingdoms. Knights and soldiers were needed to post the forts and to resist the Muslim forces that were relentless(prenominal)ly advancing into the crusaders territory Norwi ch, 1997 p. 257). The crusader kingdoms did not have enough financial resources and, enough soldiers to maintain their resistance to progressively powerful and well led Muslim forces for prolonged periods of time. The basic Muslim military strategy was to pick off the crusader kingdoms one by one. The crusader kingdoms were not as well embodyed from Western Europe as strongly as they would have liked. That lack of substantial levels of support from the crusaders Western European supporters made it easier for the Muslim forces within the Middle East to conquer the territories which they had lost as a result of the first crusade (Roberts, 1996 p. 158).ironically enough, it was the failure of the crusader kingdoms to survive the successful counter attacks of the Muslim forces within the Middle East region that prompted renewed enthusiasm for crusading. That enthusiasm resulted in the second, third, and fourth crusades throughout the remainder of the period between the 11th and the 13 th century. Over all the recruitment drives to persuade people to take part in the crusades were successful, whilst the crusades themselves were military failures as they ultimately failed to restore Christian control over the Holy Land. However the launch of these crusades was a success in terms of ensuring that those crusading remained able to be highly enthusiastic about contend a role in the subsequent conflicts between the crusaders and the Muslim forces. The majority of people in Western Europe had generally held a great deal of confidence in the second crusade being every(prenominal) bit as successful as the first crusade had been. The popular enthusiasm for crusading during the 11th century and through to the 13th century was aid by the high levels of confidence that people had in the ability of the crusaders to contact their objectives (Angold, 1997 p.194). Potentially, at least the third crusade was a campaign that would in the long run end Muslim control of the Hol y Land once and for all. The crusaders were sure confident of success. The third crusade could also be used to struggle that there were significant levels of enthusiasm for crusading as it offered prospects for crusaders to become famous as well as rich. Going on a crusade could allow the individual crusaders the opportunity to enhance their reputations for being brave, being a total military commander, or being a devout defender of the Christian faith. For these reasons, kings, princes, and knights were frequent participants in the crusades. In the case of the third crusade, the most worthy individual taking part was the English king Richard I, who earned the surname of Richard the Lion heart (Angold, 1997 p. 178).By the time of the fourth crusade in 1204, popular enthusiasm for the practice of crusading still seemed to be very strong. However, the fourth crusade also clearly demonstrated that crusading was more concerned with greed and an increasing dislike of the Eastern Ort hodox churches as it was about gaining control of the Holy Land. Instead of improving the position of the Byzantine Empire, the fourth crusade actually reduced it as a consequence of the sacking of Constantinople. The sack of Constantinople was ample demonstration that greed and prejudice were factors that created, developed, and maintained enthusiasm for crusading, as much as religious beliefs and a unmistakable belief of transcendence over other religious faiths. There would be further less sustained and much smaller crusades that proved just as unequal to(p) as the four main crusades of removing Muslim control of the Holy Land. Ironically enough Jerusalem was briefly regained for Christianity in 1229 by the forces of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. His personal crusade had been launched to persuade the Papacy to remove the riddance order against him. The Christian control of Jerusalem was only a short-term success it was lost to Muslim forces in 1244 (Roberts, 1996 p. 159 ).Therefore, to conclude there were mixed factors that explain how and why there was a great deal of enthusiasm for crusading from the 11th century, right through to the end of the 13th century in the countries of Western Europe. The primary inspiration for starting the crusading process had been religious, and religious fervour was a constant reason for maintaining enthusiasm for crusading campaigns throughout the period. The divisions within Christianity has antecedently allowed the Muslims to gain control not only of the Holy Land, but the intensity of the Middle East, with the Byzantine Empire showing increasing signs of weakness. It was the Papacy under the guidance of Urban II that developed the concept of the crusades as a means of regaining control of the Holy Land and slowing tear down the decline of the Byzantine Empire. Enthusiasm was bases on the combination of religious fervour, the search for personal fame and fortune, factors that easily maintained popular support for crusading throughout this period. Greed and religious prejudices were also strong influences in the brutal behaviour of the crusaders who forgive their actions by arguing that restoring the Holy Land to Christian control deserved earthly as well as heavenly rewards.BibliographyAngold M, (1997) The Byzantine Empire, 1025 1204, Longman, capital of the United KingdomConnell E S, (2001) Deus Lo Volt, a chronicle of the crusades, Pimlico, LondonLenman, (2004) Chambers dictionary of World taradiddle, Chambers, EdinburghNorwich J, (1997) A Short History of Byzantium, Viking, LondonRoberts J.M, (1996) A History of Europe, Penguin, London and New York

The Graying Shades Of Media A Corrupt Conundrum Media Essay

The Graying Shades Of Media A Corrupt paradox Media EssaySince the days of the expeldom movement Indian media has been recognised as patriotic and nationalist in any(prenominal) casel to provide un virguleed give-and-take and puddle positive worldly concern debates. Mahatma Gandhi, The father of the Indian nation juggled his movement with the virtuous power of active journalism. Today, India with its over a billion population supports almost 70,000 registered intelligencepapers and over 450 Television channels. In the sphere of journalism, there be r argonfied Journalists in the country who argon honoured and accepted as the moral c all in all for in the Indian monastic order. While the wordpapers in Europe and America atomic telephone number 18 losing their readership annually, the Indian print media is still going from strength to strength with vast circulations and great marketing opportunities. The media is still considered to be the fourth important anchor af ter the judiciary, parliament and bureaucratic set-up in democratic India. Media is considered to be a repository of public trust for conveying reading to public honestly. With the advent of technology the new mark of internet has changed the expression the give-and-take charge is overlap and views argon exchanged. The speed of travel of in trackation has gr feature logarithmically and media has snuff it much powerful than whatever time before to shape the minds and genesis of opinions of the destinyes. genial media is developing as a pervasive tool to link up the society laterally which is affecting marketing strategies of the business houses and structuring political influences by the plurality in power or seeking power.Historically media has ever more(prenominal) taken the flak for favoring the more influential sections of society and has as well been satanic to shade the intelligence activity and views to suit the economic viability of the come outing hous es. Political angle of dips and somatic influences on the intelligence activitypaper columns and apportionivity in coverage of news is non hidden from the public but in recent years, malpractices in the Indian media has gone way beyond the turpitude of individual diary keepers and media organizations. Unfortunately the cultivation is planted and views argon on sale for favors received in cash or sorting in institutionalized and organized engineers of corruption. intelligence servicepapers publishers and television channels owners do not shy away from receiving funds for publishing or riddleing data in favor of particular individuals or incorporated entities that is disguised as news. The plague of unethical commercial-grade activities and market interests of media institutions disfigure the role they toy in the shaping of public opinion and in upholding principles and norms of democracy.II fellow feeling authorized terms related to media pay media is the most tra ditional advertise in which a comp all pays for space or for a terzetto party to labor its crossroads. This form is thriving with emergence of more targeted communication channel TV, online-display placement, and different channels options for marketers expanding exponentially .Online video and search marketing is attracting great interest .Paid media has too much of clutter with declining response rates and declining credibility.own Mediaown media, consists of catalogues, web sites, retail stores, alert programs and e-mail notifications of special stands etc on properties or channels owned by the company that uses them for marketing purposes. Owned Media do not offer guarantees and consumers generate limited trust in this media. take in MediaEarned media (or throw in media) refers to affectionate advancement gained done promotional efforts other than advertising, as opposed to paid media, which refers to publicity gained through advertising.1 Earned media often refers specifically to publicity gained through editorial influence, whereas social media refers to publicity gained through grassroots action, particularly on the Internet. The media may include any mass media outlets, such as newspaper, television, radio, and the Internet, and may include a sort of formats, such as news articles or luffs, letters to the editor, editorials, and polls on television and the Internet.1Earned media is an old PR term that essentially meant acquiring your brand into free media rather than having to pay for it through advertising.Social mediaSocial media employ web- and mobile-based technologies to support interactive dialogue and introduce substantial and pervasive changes to communication between organizations, communities, and individuals. 1 Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define social media as a pigeonholing of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological multi faceted and technological foundations of weather vane 2.0, and that suspe nd the creation and exchange of user-generated gist.2 I.e. Social media atomic number 18 social softwargon which mediates for fully grown communication. When the technologies be in place, social media is ubiquitously accessible, and enabled by scalable communication techniques. In the year 2012, social media became one of the most powerful sources for news updates through platforms want Twitter and Face book.2Sold MediaPaid and owned media are controlled by marketers touting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the sign catalyst for users responses. unless in round cases, one marketers owned media gravel some other marketers paid media-for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. This is termed as sold media on an owned media whose traffic is so dependable that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.3This is gaining more popularity as a promotional media on the web based si tes as it gives philia ball attention to the interested clientele only as it is intercommunicate on the related web pages which the potential client of the product is visiting.Hijacked MediaThe salmagundired dramatic technological changes that wealthy person provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices produce also increased the risk that passionate consumers result voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. much(prenominal) hijacked media are the setback of earned media an asset or campaign becomes hos cross offe to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make detrimental allegations well-nigh a brand or product e.g. a prank online video of two employees contaminating sandwiches in dominoes Pizza kitchen appeared on YouTube.AdvertorialAn advertorial is an advertisement in the form of an editorial. The term advertorial is a portmanteau of advertisement and editorial. Merriam-Webster dates the origin of the word to 1946.1In printed publications, the advertisement is usually scripted in the form of an objective article and designed to look like a legitimate and independent news story. In television, the advertisement is mistakable to a short infomercial presentation of products or work. These plunder any be in the form of a television commercial or as a segment on a spill the beans show or variety show. In radio, these can take the form of a radio commercial or a discussion between the announcer and representative.4Paid NewsPaid news or paid content are those articles in newspapers, magazines and the electronicmedia, which indicate favourable conditions for the institution that has paid for it. The newsis much like an advertisement, but without the ad tag. This kind of news has been considered a serious malpractice since it deceives the citizens, not letting them hump that the news is, in point an advertisement. Secondly, the payment modes usually violate tax laws and election sp ending laws. much seriously, it has raised electoral concerns because the media has a direct influence on voters.5The energizing media jargon has its vocabulary changing every moment which in shimmer is not only changing the way consumers perceive and absorb marketing messages but will also force marketers to change their thinking about the way they allocate spending and organize operations. Different kinds of media are sightly more integrated. The sold media can catapult a marketer into a stream of contacts with users and members through owned-media hubs, where marketing companies can offer a more engaging experience, get consumers interested in products. New publishing models are finding their way in modern media as marketers are leaning on media providers for booster by partnering with media publishers to execute deeper marketing experiences for consumers and to obtain content and ad sales support. Computer maker Dell and automobile maker Nissan, for example, worked with t he Sundance Channel in United States to create a television talk show hosted by Elvis Costello to attract their target demographic with ads that seamlessly mingle into the shows content. Applications created on mobile phones are initiating tools that provide useful information. For example, eBays Red optical maser generates a list of prices for products by merely scanning the bar formula on mobile phone. Twitter and other blogging platforms are social media platforms to promote new products and promotions by leveraging its huge fan base.III Accountability and responsibility in journalismGood journalism flourishes where society respects and enforces the rule of law. internationalist standards supply guarantees of free expression. scarcely these standards also typically ack instantlyledge sealed legitimate grounds for the states restriction of free expression.6The Universal Declaration of military man Rights, proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, pronounces in Article 19 thatEveryone has the indemnify to freedom of opinion and expression this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek,receive and impart information and root words through any media and regardless of frontiers.Article 29 then qualifies this right asIn the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing ascribable reference and respect for the rights and freedom of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the ordinary welfare in a democratic society .7The right to free expression often goes loggerheads with other competing interests. Sometimes there is no intelligent remedy for types of journalistic misconduct that can disappoint readers and viewers. A courtroom is often not the best place to resolve disputes about balance, clean-livingness, and true statement and there is always the risk that harsh ju dicial remedies, even those enforce when the underlying case involves journalistic misconduct, will inhibit the future free and open publication of controversial views. In such a scenario self-regulatory mechanisms offer a valuable alternative.8Most associations of journalists, and many individual news organizations, piddle adopted codes of ethics. Terms vary. Some codes are binding, and violation of a render can lead to dismissal by an employer or expulsion from a professional journalism society. But most codes of ethics, instead, offer voluntary guidelines to help journalists make morally and professionally sound decisions. Codes thus encourage greater accountability to readers and viewers. A good example is the Code of Ethics for the federation of Professional Journalists (SPJ)9, the braggyst voluntary association of U.S. news traceers and editors. Its code encourages journalists to abide by four core principlesSeek truth and report it Journalists should be honest, fair and courageous in gathering, describe and interpreting information.Minimize harm ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect.Act independently Journalists should be free of obligation to any interest other than the publics right to knowBe accountable Journalists are accountable to their readers, listeners, viewers and each other.By its own terms, the SPJ code is a voluntary guide to ethical behavior. It statesThe code is intended not as a set of rules but as a guide for ethical decision-making.10Similarly the Press Council of India, an autonomous organic structure was set up under the Press Council Act, 1978. The Press Council of India has developed norms of journalistic conduct that cover the principles and ethics regarding journalism. The Press Council of India has also laid fell guidelines on account of specific issues of public and national importance. In 1996, it force up a set of guidelines that are particularly applicable to monetary journalism. The Press Council of India has also issued guidelines on reporting of elections.11Mint12has laid sight a code of journalistic conduct for guiding its journalists in so much of details that these can be expanded in cathode-ray oscilloscope to be followed by the entire media to safeguard and uphold the values of journalism in the country.Journalists cave in to be honest fair and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information ensuring accuracy, objectivity, balance and fairness. A Journalist should be free of any obligations, whether political or corporate. Speaking of corporations, there is no denying that Journalism and reporting like most other professions destiny evidential seat of government inputs and sound business sense to survive. But, this is a profession where the post are much higher because it is a profession which has the power to create opinions and to shape a nations present and its future. Journalists must maintain digni ty in expression and be sensitive while reporting on overcritical issues.IV Mass media diverge Can it be avoided?Media bend is the bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media in the selection of events and stories that are account and how they are covered. The term media bias implies a pervasive or far-flung bias contravening the standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The flush and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed.13The phenomenon of political bias has been founded in the media along with the invention of printing press and historically media has always favored the more powerful social groups. Like newspapers, the broadcast media (radio and television) have been utilize as a mechanism for propaganda from their earliest days, a aspiration made more pronounced by the initial self-possession of broadcast spectrum by national governments. Although a do work of media deregulation h as placed the volume of the broadcast media in private hands, there still exists a pixilated government presence, or even monopoly, in the broadcast media of many countries crosswise the globe. At the same time, the concentration of media in private hands, and frequently amongst a comparatively small number of individuals, has also led to accusations of media bias.14thither are primarily three categories of bias in reporting of a news viz. gate with stand bias which stops a news from appearing at all, coverage bias which gives the various degrees of prominence to the news and statement bias which gives color to a news through self-opinionated coverage.15The following are the most commonly talked about biases-Support or attack a particular political party, candidate, or ideology.Advertising bias, when stories are selected or dyed to please advertisers.Corporate bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please corporate owners of media.Mainstream bias, a tendency to report wh at everyone else is reporting, and to avoid stories that will offend anyone.Sensationalism, bias in favor of the exceptional over the ordinary, giving the impression that rare events, such as airplane crashes, are more common than common events, such as automobile crashes.Favors or attacks on a particular race, religion, gender, age, sexual orientation, or ethnic group.16The bias of the mass media may be sited due to its economic structural views which get a leaning to a political view and in turn takes the form of propaganda. The corporate ownership of media houses is bound to have biases in the areas where their profitability is affected. There is another demand-driven theory of mass media bias. If readers and viewers have prior views on the current state of affairs and are uncertain about the whole step of the information about it being provided by media outlets, then the latter have an incentive to slant stories towards their customers prior beliefs, in order to build and obse rve a reputation for high-quality journalism. The reason for this is that rational agents would tend to believe that pieces of information that go against their prior beliefs in fact originate from low-quality news providers. correspond to a a behavioral model which is built around the speculation that readers and viewers hold beliefs that they would like to see confirmed by news providers. When news customers share common beliefs, profit-maximizing media outlets find it optimal to select and/or frame stories in order to pander to those beliefs.17In another model media bias arises because the media cannot tell the whole truth but are restricted to simple messages, such as political endorsements. In this setting, media bias arises because biased media are more informative people with a certain political bias choose media with a similar bias because they can more trust their advice on what actions to take.18Not all accusations of bias are political. Science writers accuse the entert ainment media of anti-science bias. Television programs such as The X-Files promote superstition.19In contrast, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, which is funded by businesses, accuses the media of being biased in favor of science and against business interests, and of credulously reporting science that purports to show that greenhouse gasses cause global warming.20There has been a number of suggestions and efforts to see the light the biases during media coverage. A technique used to avoid bias is the point/ contrast or round table, an adversarial format in which representatives of opposing views comment on an issue. This approach theoretically allows diverse views to appear in the media. However, the person organizing the report still has the responsibility to choose people who really represent the width of opinion, to ask them non-prejudicial questions, and to edit or arbitrate their comments fairly.21Another technique used to avoid bias is disclosure of affiliations that ma y be considered a accomplishable conflict of interest. This is especially apparent when a news organization is reporting a story with some relevancy to the news organization itself or to its ownership individuals or conglomerate. Often this disclosure is mandated by the laws or regulations pertaining to stocks and securities. Commentators on news stories involving stocks are often required to disclose any ownership interest in those corporations or in its competitors. Same holds good during reporting of run up to elections when media covers stories and opinions through news columns and editorials as well publish advertisements related to contesting candidates and propaganda of the political parties.V Paid news Pernicious dimension of mediaMedia bias has always been a detrimental phenomenon affecting all forms of media that plagues society due to financial selfishness and vested interests of the journalists and the corporate houses controlling the strings of various sections of medi a. But in the recent years this bias is falling in the brutal trap of corruption whereby the news has started to have a price tag and advertorials are passed as news to unsuspecting readers and viewers. It has become pervasive, structured and highly organized and in the process, is undermining democracy in India. Media has moral responsibility to keep the news objective, fair and neutral. A clear distinction between information and opinion from advertisements that are paid for by corporate entities, governments, organizations or individuals has to be maintained at all times. The reader should be able to spot between news reports and advertisements/advertorials and the boundary between the two should never blur.But recently the paid news is becoming a deep-seated sickness which has become organized and is not restricted to only journalists, managers and owners of media companies but also involve advertising agencies and public comprehendings firms. Owners and editors of media co mpanies ideally should erect a firewall between journalists or content creators/producers, on the one hand, and buyers and sellers of advertising space, on the other but in some newspapers, magazines and television channels, this wall has too many convenient orifices which leads to the most common problem of making an cause to manipulate public debate through the purchase of favorable editorial space and the purchase of advertising space .Owners of media organizations compel themselves to give favorable information about certain advertisers and block unfavorable information against them due to their financial transactionhips, including share-holdings, with them. An outgoing chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Board of India, in his cong speech, referred to the existence of the anchor investor. Therefore, this problem, in a different sense, though it cannot be termed as paid news, also existed in the sphere of business journalism. Such expressive styles have been discernib le in sections of the Indian media for some years now in spite of press council of India having drawn a set of guidelines in 1996 which are particularly applicable to financial journalists on the behest of the regulator of the countrys capital markets, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).Disclosure of private treaties between media companies and other corporate entities need to be mandatory to safeguard the interests of investors.This practice(paid news) has started in media after India adopted free-economy policy. Corporates and media came nestled and marketing managers became stronger than the editor of a media establishment. ..Media (the only hope for the common man) is supposed(a) to be advocating for the deprived sections of society. But media itself has become an integral part of consumerism and corporate system.22The explosive growth in the media in the country had highlighted the fact that the after part Estate is the only one among the pillars of democracy that has an identifiable commercial and explicitly for-profit persona. While the primary professional duty of media organizations is to their readership to keep them informed and appraised with news, views and ideas, the commercial logic brings in a new set of stakeholders in the form of the shareholders of these companies.23The paid news has proliferated more due to diminution of the role and the stance of editors in media organizations and the reduced freedom of journalists under the Working Journalists Act. Senior journalists prefer to work with their employers under fixed term contracts which erode their protection other than accorded to them under the provisions of the Act. Until the 1970s and the 1980s, many editors would not brook any interference from the management of the company they would be employed by the number of such editors started dwindling as more and more senior journalists started acceding to every whim of their managers and employers instead of their editors. With managers playing a more influential role in the selection and presentation of news, it was not surprising that the importance of the news started getting determined by the revenues that would be generated for the media company.24The journalist faces an ethical quandary which begins with the inherent conflict between the individuals role as a journalist providing independent information to the public and his or her employers quest for profit. The poor reward of journalists especially those who work in non-urban areas also force them to double up as advertising agents working on commissions to earn their livelihood.The paid news acquires a tout ensemble new complexity of staggering proportion with the corporatization of media houses and large media houses not only own print media but also own electronic media and radio waves. These media houses offer packages for the projection of certain individuals in all the forms of media that they own and control. This distorts parliament ary democracy in multiple ways (a) (the) media ceases to be objective and, therefore, distorts public perception (b) it distorts the electoral political choices of the people by providing undue advantage to those candidates/political parties who are able to impart these packages, (c) it manipulates democracy, negating it completely by denying or by not providing equal access to those who cannot afford to indulge in such malpractices thereby breaching the provisions of the Constitution of India, and (d) it demeans the idea and essence of journalism itself.25Paid news phenomenon represents a fatal faction of three Ms, namely, the media, money and mafia that has subverted free and fair elections. He say that earlier, politicians used to hire musclemen with huge amounts of money and train them in booth rigging. Nowcandidates are training media pens instead of mafia guns to rig the minds of people with constant opinion bombarding.26The new aspect of this phenomenon of paid newsas see n in parliament elections in 2009 is that there was widespread participation by political parties in this process. The integration and assimilation of leading political parties and corporate public relations bodies in this racket is also unique to the elections of 2009.27The Election Commission famous during the election process that the more disturbing phenomenon recently emerging and which is do serious concern to the commission is the latest complaint to the Commission that some of the newspapers have even offered packages at hefty sums, offering three types of services one, projecting the image of a political party or a candidate in a positive manner two, giving negative publicity to the rival party or candidate. The rates of such packages vary, depending upon the standing and circulation of the newspaper in the area covered by the constituency.The regional media councils have been rising to address the problem by repeatedly urging the journalists to cease from the temptatio n of We strongly believe that the practice of putting out advertising as news is a grave journalistic malpractice. Moreover the trend threatens the foundation of journalism by eroding public faith in the credibility and impartiality of news reporting. It also vitiated the poll process and prevented a fair election, since richer candidates who could pay for their publicity had a clear advantage.28A prominent journalist took a poke shot on crude press, The vernacular media may be feeling cocky, having pulled themselves out of physical want under their own steam, but they have yet to learn how to deal firmly and decisively with another kind of poverty that of the professional, ethical kind29.The society has woken up to the media malpractices and the reflection is seen in the films and documentaries. Film director Shri break up Gopal Verma made a movie in Feb 2010 named Rann dealing with the topic of corruption in the media. Even a documentary titled Advertorial Selling News or Prod ucts? was produced by an eminent media critic and academic Paranjoy Guha Thakurta for Indias national broadcaster, Doordarshan.Even in a survey conducted by the Readers Digest in March 2010, called the swan Survey, 750 Indians were asked to rank the short-listed individuals belonging to different professions. Journalists were ranked 30 out of the 40 professionals listed and were placed next only to barbers and bus drivers.30Edelman, an independent public relations firm, in its 2010 Trust Barometer Survey (conducted in 22 countries worldwide, including India and six other countries in the Asia-Pacific region) stated that the Indian media has been losing its credibility and trust among the people. The study, which sampled 1,575 people in the 25-64 age group and 200 opinion leaders in India, notice a sharp drop in trust over the departed two years in television news in India. However, newspapers are ranked higher than other media in terms of credible news with people trusting newspa pers more than any other medium 38 per cent of the Indians polled trusted radio and television, while

Successes And Failures Of Executive Information Systems

Successes And Failures Of Executive nurture SystemsThe Executive Information Systems (EIS) was lining a spirited risk of failures, these estimates 70% of the failures. Organizational psychological, technological and educational issues pull the carrying into action of the scheme difficult. Although it was an EIS but on that point were only(prenominal) little drug users of decision substantiaters and the majority of the executives never rate the EIS advantages highly. The majority users of the constitution be mettle perplexity level. Based on this fact, implementation victor stomachnot be taken for granted. The failure and advantage of other(a) strategy cannot be employ to EIS. More memorial tablets atomic number 18 training EIS and their derivatives and this make the brass chief(prenominal). But there is less additional research intimately EIS although the model of critical success factors (CSF) for EIS already exists 10 years. thither do not establish each prove that show CSFs atomic number 18 universal in the application in different situation.System successThere atomic number 18 some difficulties to draw musical arrangement success. Based on combination suggestions from many researchers, the article researchers had chosen 5 evaluation creations and introduce with the explanations.Access the EIS is do available and users be given access to the systemThe development squad should make the system available for the entire user.Use the EIS is used by the intended usersIf the system cannot provide any benefit to the users, the system is facing failure. The development group similarly needs to make current that EIS is using by the voltage users.Satisfaction users argon fulfill with the EISThe satisfaction of user is important. If the user is satisfied with the system, it means the system victorious.Positive impact the EIS has positive impact the executive and the organizationIf the system can bring benefits to the use r then the system is success.Diffusion the EIS tends to spreadThe number of users also can show the successful of EIS. When an EIS user gains impact from the system, he pass on promote it to other colleagues. This give increase the number of users of EIS.CSFs re linear perspectiveedBased on Rocket and DeLong (1988), they had mentioned that there atomic number 18 8 areas that appear to be the important factors to EIS success. Other researches prove that the factors depart enchant the EIS success and the researchers add on 2 factors that will influence the EIS success.Committed and certain executive sponsorThe committee that invests judgment of conviction and safari in development of EIS will take over more understanding ab forth the capability and limitation of the system.Operating sponsorThey need to shake up in operation(p)(a) sponsor to end the details of implementation from the user side to supplement the executive sponsor. becharm IS staffSenior executive need a q uality staff to support the IS. This can make sure that the nip contendment can interact with supporting staffs to make the system success.Appropriate technologyThe acceptance of system is based on the choice of ironware and pianoware. The specific tout ensembley designed product has solved the problem of neglect of computer hardware and software.Management of infoThe versed and outside(a) sources, ability to access the selective nurture are the issues in system development. Some factors will block the implementation nurture systems (IS) for executives.Clear splice to short letter objectivesThe system must have a clear link to melodic phrase objective and clear benefits in using the technology. The system must provide something that other system does not have in order to add judge to the entropy.Management of organisational protectionThe political resistance is the factor that causes failure in using system. The reason is because executive can change information and shift the superpower inside the lodge.Management of system developing and spreadThis is to fulfill the users use up and unwraping all the needs of user and take it into account when expend the system.evolutionary development methodologyEvolutionary development methodology find the behavior on how the system can give value to the executive, and keep the executive hopefully and aware of the give.Carefully particularised information and system requirements touch the executive need is the key of successful system.MethodologyThis research analyze the basic EIS success model. This model shows that CSFs will influence the system success. To place the 10 CFSs, the researchers study the six Hong Kong organizational object lessons. The researchers used guinea pig to face interview. They used a series of in the flesh(predicate) interviews with the key person in organizational. The questionnaires include open-end questions, and all the questionnaires send out in the first place the interview. This was to make sure all the interviewee would provide more information. There are two sets of questionnaires company still using the system and company stop using the system.Results later the resultants for all six organizations were analyzed, three success nerves emerged (Major railway, international airline and wellness care supplier companies), two failed cases (Utility and shipping companies) and one open case (Large University).The two failures cases are categories as true failures by the decision to revoke the EIS and deficiency of benefits derived by the firm. The unresolved case was happen where the system was rattling used, but it has no met its initial expectation, only a small split up of its functionally, the benefits were not conceive and that no future expansion plan were planned.There are ten CSFs. The first one is a committed and informed executive sponsor. In success cases, top management always ensures resources and political support, provide s ubscribe toion and feedback, keep constant pressure on EIS body of work out team and communicate strong and put continuing interest to the EIS developers and data providers. In unresolved case the president applies hands off rise to manage EIS project but he ensures the resources support mandatory for EIS. However, the failed case never set deadlines for EIS project and faced loss on sponsorship later loss of interest and direction from top management.The second CSFs are an direct sponsor. In success cases, operating manager have commit resources and snip, come in and promote and help match business needs with technological capabilities. In unresolved cases, operating manager has handling day to day issues of development and translates users needs to design team. However, in failed cases, no clear single operating sponsor role are assign so the top management operating focus cannot be communicate to users.The third CSFs are set aside IS staff. In success cases, companies app lied team turn upes which include external advisers, sponsors and data providers. In unresolved cases, inner staff confronted problem after external consultant left, company not have enough competence internal staff. Companies cannot development new EIS to meet users new requirements. However, in failed cases, there are no inheritor after the departure of IS staff. Company staffs are lack experience with EIS development. External consultants are lack understanding of the executive environment.The quaternary CSFs are appropriate technology. In success cases, the capability, capacity and response time of technology are pleased with users. Vendor-supplied EIS software is used and a custom system is developed in management. The system supports for rapid screen design and maintenance. Users are pleased with it because this system is ease to use, always updated with new user needs and it is more flexible and faster. In unresolved case, users are facing the problem with accessing the s ystem as there are complicated and ho-hum response time. However, in failed cases, management felt difficult to write their throw software as there is no prototype provided and need a long time to build the system.The fifth CSFs are management of data. entropy that produced by system is in novel format consists of hard and soft data, internal and external data which add value to existing reports. entropy are timely, accurate, reliable and consistent. Manager will verify the feasibility of obtaining information before committing to incorporate into EIS. In unresolved cases, duplication of works is occurred. info are not being updated and incomplete in system. Moreover, they do not provide external data too. In failed cases, manager unable or taken a long time to obtain information for EIS. information are not provided on time and presented in desired formats. gemination of works is occurred too.The sixth CSFs are clear link to business objectives. For success cases, managemen t is able to identify the key performance indicator, focus on business opportunity and then define the benefits by using EIS. They will define the critical success factors before the commencement of EIS project. For unresolved cases, value of EIS clearly defined and linked directly to users information needs. However, in failed cases, EIS do not have clear link to business objectives as executives are undervalued the importance of EIS. In succession, they do not convey clearly the objectives and benefits of EIS to users.In the seventh CSFs, it converse about management of organizational resistance. There are few reasons make the factors successes which are EIS developers report that organizational resistance is not significant, majority of users are willing to use the system also make the factors success, resistance is handled by education and negotiation and relief which make IT is an important tool to help staff achieve business objectives. On the other side, there are some reaso ns make the factors pass away unresolved case. First, resistance is found initially due to the unfriendly user interface and loath response time. Second, resistance is less since training is provided and the technology is enhanced. accordingly, the reasons make the factors fails are data providers and middle management do not cooperate with the EIS project manager. There is also no action to manage the resistance. Corporate horticulture is not ready for the EIS and reluctant to embrace the technology also make the factors fail.After that, in the eighth CSFs which is good management of system evolution and spread. To be success in EIS new modules or refinements and enhancements are carried out following their comments. Then, new features and functions are added to meet increasing user requirements and also they are also encouraging user participation to express their needs. The reasons of no evolution due to the inadequate human resources and EIS cannot be enhanced chop-chop eno ugh to capitalize on the newfound requirements make the case become unsolved. If there is no planning for EIS spread and evolution is not made to respond to users needs make the case fails.In the ninth CSFs, it debate about the evolutionary or prototyping approach. Without using evolution or prototyping sexual climax make the case become unresolved. If the user only using prototyping approach without using evolution approach then it would make the case fails.Then in the tenth CSFs, it discusses about information and system requirements are conservatively defined. The factors which help to achieve the EIS succeed are defined a view of what EIS is intended to achieve, review the existing management reports, interview executives and personnel who work for executives, the design is capable of run across the requirements of different executives, arrange on-site meeting with EIS users at each issue for meeting the information requirements of each output manager, ask personnel who sup port management and encourage users to devote time to try the EIS prototype. For some unsolved case, the users just review the existing reports to define information requirements and not carefully defined real users needs. Then, reasons like executive cannot devote time to the EIS project, information and system cannot be clearly defined, unable to articulate information requirements, users do not have time discuss with consultants and external consultants have problems to understand users needs because of a lack of familiarity with the business make the case fails also.DiscussionThe three success cases seem to manage the CSFs well but the other two cases fails to do so. A well-managed of meta-CSFs can either result in a good or faulty way. However, without such CSFs, it increases the difficulty in identifying the success and failures in an EIS. It was uncertain to identify the meta-CSFs as only six cases are analyzed. However, based on the analysis, the unresolved case, even thoug h that had well championship from executives and operating sponsors, they miss the unfathomed factor. This refers to the resources of the people, financial and appropriate technology. Another factor that influenced the unresolved case is the link to business objectives. Executives have a strong orientation but expressage time to search for benefits. System with clear benefits demonstrated, linked to business objectives, and has a high user acceptance. Temporal consideration is reflected as strong sponsorship of resources before EIS is launched. Little usage is achievable if the system cannot establish clear benefits.The two failure cases provide some evidence of the critical failure factors zealous in failing the EIS, top management prefer in form-only(prenominal) personal reporting, fear of losing influence by the employees, uncooperative data provider and middle management with EIS project manager and unprepared corporate culture. Both failed organization apparently implemente d the Chinese management system. The characteristic of this management is that all strategic and major personnel decision is made by the owners and direct supervision of work and personal reporting rather than formal information system. Critical failure factors are different from the CSFs clear link to business objectives and management of organization resistance. Management system weighted the peoples experiences and beliefs rather than formal written rules for the sake of the organization, may be opposed to business objectives. besotted opposition causes the failure of the IS or vice versa. Mismatch of IS with the organizations management system should be differentiated from normal organization resistance to avoid fear-based culture. However, in these two failure cases, the existence of letting the system fail is higher than the success of the system.ConclusionUnderstanding system failure and success is important. The on-line analytical processing (OLAP) associated with the EIS t rend is a way of looking beyond transactions to forces driving them. It helps organization to have accurate forecast sales to have better planning in inventory, production, advertisement expenses and product pricing. In this study, Rockart and Delongs application of the eight CSFs and the additional of two factors are confirmed. Hence, it is important to have championing, resources and system link to business objectives. Unsuccessful system may result from disagreement with management system. Organizations that translate the needful information with business goals to a good system are likely to success than solving problems with an IS. student ExpectationsIn this case, EIS is not function perfectly because there is limited functionality, high implementation costs, less reliable and less secure data.IS project team should give pressure to the company as they are creating and maintaining the system, to receive resources that should have been received. This means that resources will be received at the time when it is needed and not after.The encouragement by the IS staff is important after the system has been done (creating/maintaining) as they need to demonstrate the benefit in wizard of it ease in accessing the system and so on. Less time is needed to produce information that is needed as time is gold to the executives. congruous and specific training shall be given by external consultants to internal IS staffs, especially when a new system was created. This is to make sure that are a backup of the system in case external consultant leave.Nowadays, there is a lot of business systems which are more profitable compare with EIS. For example, International Business System (IBS), which is a leading provider of distribution management solutions. IBS focuses on industries such as automotive, electrical components, newspaper publisher packaging, pharmaceutical distribution and so on.

Herpes Essay -- essays research papers

Herpes Herpes is one of the normal of more than 30 unlike sexually transmitted illnesss (STDs) in America today. Herpes is an infection that is caused by one of two closely related computer viruses, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Both of which are precise easily caught, have similar symptoms, and lav occur on different parts of the body. Even though it is near common to see the virus HSV-1 appear as viva voce herpes and to see the virus HSV-2 appear as genital herpes. Most often herpes is a relatively harmless disease that is rarely life threatening. The most common form of herpes is spontaneous herpes and usually shows up on the lips or inside of the mouthpiece as frore sores or fever blisters. Cold sores are common in young children who acquire them from being exposed to active cold sores of adults and other children. This form of herpes is annoying but harmless in both children and adult, but is however very harmful to a newbo rn. It force out sometimes be difficult to distinguish whether or not someone has been exposed to the other form of herpes, genital herpes. This is because there are very often no symptoms that go along with the virus. This is not always the episode though and when symptoms do occur they are often seen as a cluster of blister sores, usually on the vagina, vulva, cervix, penis, or anus. For genital herpes, symptoms whitethorn last several weeks, go away but only to diminish again weeks, months, or even years later. Symptoms may a...

The Lonely Soul of Dasein :: essays research papers

This abstract makes no pretences of keeping with the psychological and virtuous convictions that Heidegger ignored. His structural analysis is simply not complete enough to meet Daseins phenomenological orientation in the world without considering some aspects which be inherent to each Dasein such as a psychological history and a lesson destination. Although speculation as to the reasons behind his choice to ignore such overcome attributes is forever possible, leaving out psychology and morality leaves Dasein with no understanding. Dasein hence is nothing more than a component of the world through some other Dasein. One can only Be when ones Being is disclosed by Others until the they is playd in Death. Heidegger doesnt enjoy the negative connotation of the word escape in the context of relationships with Others, but this seems to be more important as a question of true existence, true realization of the authentic Self.I argue that the soul, the spirit, the essence of Das ein must be explained as well as the phenomena of existence in order to clarify the question What does it mean to be (Dasein)? Through the soul, Dasein may bridge the gaps of bleakness that occur in the loneliness of single existence amongst Others. psychological science and morality provide excellent render from which to launch this campaign in search of the soul of Dasein&8230How can ones soul exhibit both concernful solicitude and care while experiencing existential loneliness in the face of Death? When looking at the temporality of Daseins existence, psychology corresponds to Heideggers concept of already-being as does morality to being-ahead-of-itself, in relation to the prospect of having a soul. Psychology and morality play such large roles in the debut of both the they-self and the authentic self that some definitions are in order. Psychology explains the relationships between phenomena and both voluntary and involuntary behavior patterns. Behavior is the reply of the s ubconscious with the conscious before decisions are made and actions taken. The sum of the behavioural limitations of these reactions, symbolically speaking, equals the finite potential of possibilities after already-being-in-the-world. Thus behavior displays an broad importance when considering Daseins interpretation of events on an authentic as well as an inauthentic level. It seems that Heidegger shies away from psychology beca intent behavior can vary so much from one person to another and creates problems for his strictly structural analysis of being. Morality is also of great concern in a individualised view of Heideggers Being and Time due to the touchy nature of his use of such terms as conscience and guilt to describe qualities that are present in all Dasein.

As I Lay Dying :: essays research papers

William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi where he became a high school drop place and was forced to work with grandfather at a bank. In 1925 Faulkner moved to New Orleans and worked as a journalist, here he met the American Sherwood Andersen, a famous unretentive-story writer. Anderson convinced Faulkner that writing about the people and places he could identify with would improve his vocation as a writer. After a trip to Europe, Faulkner began to write of the sham Yoknapatawpha County, which was representative of Lafayette County, Mississippi. Often in this series of novels hotshot could read of characters who were establish on Faulkners ancestors, African Americans, Native Americans, hermits, and poor whites. At few point in this period of writing, around 1930, William Faulkner wrote the novel As I Lay Dying.In this book, and others of this series, it was commonplace to find sentences that stretched on for a summon in order to create mood, multiple narrators, or before long stories abstruse with a stream-of-consciousness blather that was hard to understand. Therefore, readers had difficulty following these novels, and Faulkners popularity briefly dwindled, that is until Malcolm Cowley wrote The Portable Faulkner, which contained excerpts from the Yoknapatawpha series, and made Faulkners genius evident to his readers. Shortly thereafter, umpteen of Faulkners works were reissued and he became a literary giant, and was even awarded the Nobel view for Literature in 1949. Until death, Faulkner continued to create works of literature, including both short stories and novels.The Bundren family has recently suffered the loss of their most beloved mother, Addie. When Addie was young and fresh out of labor with her second of five children, she made her married man promise that when she died he would burry her in Jefferson, the town where Addies family lived. Generally Jefferson was a one or two day trip, but when a rain dapple floods the ri ver and destroys both bridges and washes out the direct road to Jefferson, Anse, Addies husband has to ford the river and take a much longer route to become to Jefferson. While crossing the river, a large log flowing downriver starts a chain reaction that results in a badly buffet wagon, the death of a team of mules, a broken leg for the oldest of the five children, and a one-day delay in the journey. Many other troubles follow this family and the short trip to bury their mother becomes a nine-day journey with a abruptly body that is beginning to rot in the back of the wagon.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - The Modern and Mediaeval Merchants Tale :: The Merchants Tale

The Modern and Mediaeval Merchants story The Merchants Prologue and Tale is mainly concerned with the infidelity of May while she is unify to Januarie. Infidelity is undoubtedly a popular topic for discussion in modern times and is often the subject of magazine or tv set stories. Despite the concern with marriage and the status of men and women within ofttimes(prenominal) a human relationship keeping the story applicable to the audience even out more than 600 years later, there are many elements of the Prologue and Tale which group them in a mediaeval context. The reasons to marry and the opinions cited show the attitudes of the mediaeval check as do the references to mythological figures such as Ymeneus, that god of union is. Symbolising how the mediaeval and modern aspects of the Tale faecal matter be easy combined is the story of Pluto and Proserpina. Although Pluto captures his wife, she is able to spend much of the year away from Hades. This is symbolic of the gre at liberty that many women can enjoy in the modern world. Opposing this modern link is the relationship between Januarie and May which is shown to have followed mediaeval tradition to a greater extent concerning the actual marriage and the mercantile nature in which it is brought about. preferably than the freedom for Proserpina agreed between herself and Pluto, Januarie desires a wife of warm wex that he can control, ultimately causing May to betray him.Januaries reasons for marrying are seen as improper both in the mediaeval and modern contexts. He wishes to be married simply because he is old and society seems to say that he should. There is no consideration of love, only of lust as he declares, I wol noon oold wyf han in no manere. A mediaeval audience would have been aware that an emphasis on carnal pleasure was displease to God, while this would be less of an issue to a modern audience. As marriage was considered by the mediaeval audience to be an embodiment of Christs culti sm to the Church, the theme of infidelity would be apparent to the modern audience, but without the dry details obvious to the earlier audience. In addition to this, the simple situation that Januaries friends are prepared to find to whom he may be wedded in haste, rather than let Januarie look for himself roots the Tale in a mediaeval context as such an idea is almost unsufferable in the year 2000.

The Fairness Doctrine Essay -- Federal Communications Commission

The United States federal Communications Commission, also known as the FCC, introduced the justice Doctrine to betray broadcasters report controversial issues of public importance in a stylus that was equally balanced, honest, and fair. Broadcasting companies were postulate to provide a certain add up of airtime reporting accurate and fair information both for and against public issues. Broadcasters were not required to provide equal time for opposing views, but were required to present opposing viewpoints. Broadcasters were received broader boundaries as how to how they were to provide those opposing views. Because chthonic the constitutional right of free speech, the government wanted to insure that broadcasting companies provided both accurate and fair information from both sides of the viewpoint.In tremendous 1987, the FCC abolished the doctrine by a 4-0 vote, in the Syracuse Peace Council decision, which was upheld by a different panel of the Appeals Court for the D.C. Circuit in February, 1989.(AuBuchon) They suggested that because of the gigantic amount of voices in the media marketplace, the doctrine was to be considered unconstitutional stating that, The intrusion by government into the content of programming occasioned by the enforcement of The Fairness Doctrine restricts the journalistic freedom of broadcasters and actually inhibits the presentation of controversial issues of public importance to the disadvantage of the public and the degradation of the editorial prerogative of broadcast journalists. (Fairness) The government was act to keep any broadcasting networks for individualally attaching some(prenominal)one or some issue without giving that person or organization the opportunity to present their point of views and reasons. If ... ...of nations, countries, cities, towns, and individuals can be severely harmed and damaged if there is no control on the information being disbursed through the vast conference devices available. While everyone cites the right to freedom of speech, it is sometimes forgotten about the fragment that states as long as it doesnt harm another person is often overlooked.Works CitedAuBuchon, D. (2009, April 5). Freedom of Speech and the Fairness Doctrine byDennis AuBuchon American Conservative Daily (c) 2010. American Conservative Daily (C) 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2011, from http//www.americanconservativedaily.com/2009/04/freedom-of-speech-and-the-fairness-doctrine-2/Fairness Doctrine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2011, January 15). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved February 4, 2011, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_Doctrine

Good and Evil in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodma

Good and Evil in junior Good world Brown In Young Goodman Brown. Nathaniel Hawthorne considers the question of good and roughshod, suggesting that true fi eradicateish is judging and condemning others for drop the b entirely without looking at ones own hellholefulness. He examines the idea that sin is office staff of macrocosm human and there is no escape from it. Of the many symbols he uses in this story, each has a profound meaning. They represent good and evil in the constant struggle of a young innocent man whose faith is being tested. As the story begins, Young Goodman Brown bids leave of absence to his young wife Faith, as she was aptly named (211). When she ...thrust her own pretty brain into the street, letting the wind play with the pink ribbons of her cap we associate the honesty of Faith and the pink ribbons as a sign of the innocence and commodity of the town he is leaving john (211). As he continues on his present evil purpose he sets off at sundown to ent er the plant (212). A place darkened by all(prenominal) the gloomiest trees, unknown territory, and a place where there may be a devilish Indian behind every tree, with this we know the forest represents evil and sinfulness (212). His decision to enter the forest and leave his Faith behind is the first decision, of many, between good and evil that he must make. afterward on entering the forest he meets a traveler whom he later finds out is the devil. He is carrying a staff representing evil, which bore the likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought, that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself, like a living serpent (213). When the traveler offers his staff to Young Goodman Brown he resists by replying, having kept plight by meeting thee here, it is my purpose to return whence I cam... ...the forest ultimately causes him to believe that he is better than everyone else and he disassociate himself from all those in the town as he judges them as being sinne rs. He becomes a stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if non a desperate man... after his journey when he commits the ultimate sin of judging and condemning others without looking at ones own sinfulness. In the end they carved no hopeful verse upon his tombstone for his dying second was gloom (221). Works Cited and ConsultedBenoit, Raymond. Young Goodman Brown The Second Time Around. The Nathaniel Hawthorne Review 19 (Spring 1993) 18-21.Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The write out Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York Doubleday and Co., Inc.,1989.Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.

Bull Durham: To The True Meaning Of The First Fight Scene Essay

Bull Durham To the True mean of The First Fight Scene     The theme of this paper is to dissect the foremost fight scene in themovie Bull Durham, between daunt Davis who is played by Kevin Costner and" zap" LaLoosh who is played by Tim Robbins. The fight takes dumbfound in a barscene between these two hands who have neer met before. The reason for the fightis that descend Davis is talking to a wo workforce by the name of Annie Savoy who issitting at one of the tables. zap already believes that Annie is going to bewith him all season long, but put in believes otherwise.     In the start outning of the scene nuke is dancing with all of the women inthe bar while sink is sitting completely in the watershed of the bar. clangoring thenorders a drink for Annie, and is then asked by Annie to recognise over and sit by her. dissolve introduces himself to Annie and tells her that he is the new catcher onthe Durham Bulls baseball team. At the same time atom-bomb comes over and ask Annieto dance, but fragmentise stands up and says that she is dancing with him. When descendstands up in front of him, Nuke takes this as a quarrel and he asks decompose ifhe wants to take it outside. At this point Nuke still does non cope that Crashis his new catcher. While Nuke is waiting for Crash outside, Crash begins towonder how he is going reach Nuke his first lesson to make it to the majors.     When Crash finally comes outside he sees that Nuke is standing in themiddle of the street. Nuke is non alone he has the entire baseball teamstanding behind him. First, Crash says that he does not want to fight him.When Crash says this everyone else begins to tease Crash. Next, Crash tellsNuke to throw the first punch, but Nuke refuses to. So preferably, Crash tellsNuke to throw a baseball as hard as he can right at Crashs chest. When Nukehears this everyone around him including himself begin to laugh, b ecause theyknow how hard Nuke can throw and that it could kill Crash if it hit him in thechest or the head.     During this entire time Crash is keeping a cool head. He knows that thechance of Nuke smasher him is very small. Also, he tells Nuke that he wont beable to do it because he is beginning to think about it. Crash goes so cold asto say that Nukes aim is so bad that he could not hit water if he fell ... ... he wentabout getting his point across. He could of either been beat up very hard orhe could of been killed by the baseball.     When Crash stands up and grabs Nukes arm he is trying to defend hisasking of Annie to dance and instantly invades Nukes space. Nukes attitudetowards this is not to back down, but to stay where he is and to fight about it.When Crash grabs Nukes arm he is also using touch to get his marrow across.By grabbing the arm Crash instantly places more emphases on his words.     not only were t here mis on a lower floorstandings in this conversation, but if theyhad not happened the argument never would have taken place. The firstmisunderstanding was that Nuke did not know that Crash was his new teammate andcatcher. Another misunderstanding was that they both did not know that Anniehad already choose which man she was going to take under her arm for the season.     The misunderstandings that occurred in this confrontation, tells us thatone main problem is men and the way that they act towards each other. Also, ifhumans would try to communicate instead of fighting changes could be make.

Hawksmoor :: English Literature

Hawksmoor - in that location are numerous puzzling features in this refreshing - Discuss triple in detail, looking for at the way they are communicated.Hawksmoor as a novel is on the whole, puzzling. As it is a detective spirit level, Peter Ackroyd uses diametric techniques of involving the readerin his plot so that even if the beginning is not fully understood, we lose to go on reading it just to depend what happens next. Thesedifferent features, for example, the juxtaposition of the conviction rate of flowsbetween the chapters the post-modernistic aspects of Ackroydswriting and the conflicts between globe and fiction all make thenovel puzzling.Time in this novel is very confused, with two time periods (the modernday and the eighteenth snow) creation juxtaposed in alternate chaptersthroughout the novel. The theme of time is go on on this premiseand there are many references to time by the characters themselves.For example at one point, Nicolas Dyer says..how do we concl ude what time is our own.Nicolas Hawksmoor as well as asks Well, Walter, what do you make of that timing?Its impossible, sir.Nothing is impossible. The impossible does not existNot all are there direct referrals to time, like this but overly thereare tenuous links and suggestions to it as a dominant theme. Forexample, Hawksmoor is looking for the zero meridian when he is inGreenwich and there are many others. The changes in time arehighlighted by the interesting use of lyric for the chaptersnarrated by Nick Dyer. Many spellings are different from modernEnglish, for example, corpse is spelt corse. Ackroyd also usescapital letters for nouns in these chapters. The eighteenth centurywriting is a constant reminder to the reader of which time period isbeing read about and is particularly prominent when the chapter andtherefore the time period changes. Furthermore, it means that thereader has to concentrate more and because of the different brassof sentences it is difficult for the r eader to follow at times, whichis consistent with the detective story theme. Ackroyd wants the readerto be actively involved in the plot and they enquire to pick up on anysmall threads that he drops.As the novel progresses, there is an increasing confusion with time,so often so that at points it seems barley present. Ackroyd highlightsthis with the abundance of flashbacks that both the main charactershave and because of this the time is changing not only between thechapters but also within them. Dyer has many flashbacks to his pastand they often come without warning or relevance to what waspreviously talked about.

Changing Times Make for Unhappy eBay Customers :: essays research papers

changing Times Make for Unhappy eBay CustomersHow much(prenominal) is too much, or how much is enough? This is an economic question that every successful business pull up stakes have to evaluate in order to remain an icon in the desig cyberspace regularise. Todays business world is unlike any era in comparison. There has never been more(prenominal) opportunity for sm every last(predicate) ventures to treat into major financial companies overnight with the use of the World Wide Web. It is certain that many of these overnight wonders are short lived and go un noniced until now we do have the elite group of companies that have made their mark in our everyday lives. eBay is one of those companies that have made good use of this opportunity. eBay Inc. is considered as the worlds leading online personal trading community. Founded in 1995, eBay is avail able 24 hours, 7 days a week with more than one million registered users. In the 4th quarter 2003, eBay reported a net income of 935.8 million dollars up 44% and their full year net income for 2003 was 3.27 billion dollars, up 51% for the same time last year. plain with their noted economic success this company still finds a unavoidableness to raise fees for the use of their service.On the positive side of the moral and respectable matter, there are great things that eBay offers as well as provides for its customers. masses with many dreams of becoming entrepreneurs and starting successful businesses has found eBay and answer to their prayers. many an(prenominal) people who dont have the resources to use an outside place to start their businesses have use eBay to sell their items straight from their homes to save money. whatsoever of their businesses have even grown so that they are now able to rent a separate space to run their small companies. This is a blessing that probably would have not been a reality if not for the large Internet auction service named eBay. eBay is not a disgustful word in thei r vocabulary it is a spring board to independency and an opportunity for a good way of life. Although some have used eBays services to cheat and steal, eBay has started a foundation that helps in communities all across the country. Meg Whitman, president and CEO of eBay Inc. made a line of reasoning Giving back to the community has been an essential part of eBay since the very beginning.